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病例:武侠中的“三尸虫”竟然真的存在

2018-04-28 成骢,魏洪霞,池云 MedSci原创

经典武侠小说《笑傲江湖》中,日月神教用阴损至极的“三尸脑神丹”控制教众,每年端阳节午时,若无解药,便会尸虫入脑,让人痛苦不已。而现实中有一种被称之为“三尸虫”的寄生虫,导致了本例患者的头痛、恶心、癫痫等。究竟是怎么一回事呢?



经典武侠小说《笑傲江湖》中,日月神教用阴损至极的“三尸脑神丹”控制教众,每年端阳节午时,若无解药,便会尸虫入脑,让人痛苦不已。而现实中有一种被称之为“三尸虫”的寄生虫,导致了本例患者的头痛、恶心、癫痫等。究竟是怎么一回事呢?

奇怪的低密度影

患者男性,28岁,因“头痛、头晕10余天伴抽搐1次”于16年11月6日入院。患者于16年10月下旬在无明显诱因下出现头痛、头晕伴视力下降、视物重影。病初发热1天,热峰38.6℃,呕吐1次,为胃内容,自拟“上感”服用“感冒药”后热退,但仍自觉头痛。11月4日患者抽搐1次,表现为双眼上翻,双手紧握,小便失禁,持续1min左右后自行缓解,患者及家属担心病情,便至我院就诊。到院询问病史,既往有反复皮肤湿疹史2年,否认既往重大疾病史及冶游史等。查头颅CT示:脑内多发低密度影。头颅MRI提示静脉窦血栓形成,脑内多发异常信号,胸腹部CT未见明显异常。



扑朔迷离

是突发血栓吗?可是根据其他情况看着不像啊。只能先收住入院完善相关检查。

入院实验室检查:

血生化:丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)66.8IU/L,天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)54.3IU/L,谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)86.7U/L,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)451IU/L,钠132mmol/L,氯92mmol/L,提示轻度肝损伤,低钠、低氯血症。

其他:血沉30mm/h,C反应蛋白16mg/L。凝血功能正常,巨细胞病毒(CMV-DNA)定量检查为阴性。肺癌、乳癌、前列腺癌、肝癌相关指标检测均为阴性。

实验室检查也无法明确诊断。患者病情加重,患者抽搐1次,双眼凝视,压眶反射消失,四肢肌张力增强,双手紧握,小便失禁,5min左右缓解。考虑开颅探查,根据术中发现情况进行处理,在完善术前相关准备后,从术前四项发现了问题!

关键线索!

患者血梅毒抗体RPR1∶8,TPPA阳性!抗HIV(+)!感染科会诊,查T淋巴细胞绝对计数示总T淋巴细胞282个/μl,T辅助、诱导淋巴细胞(CD4)1%(3个/μl),T抑制、杀伤淋巴细胞(CD8)87%(245个/μl)。至疾控中心复查HIV确认阳性。

再次询问患者病史,告知患者检查结果后,患者自诉3年前有尖锐湿疣病史,已行激光治疗,肛瘘史1年,有同性冶游史。

尝试治疗

那么患者是神经梅毒吗?因无法排除,故给予青霉素480万U静脉滴注,4次/d,氟康唑0.4g口服,1次/d,甘露醇250ml静脉推注,4次/d,甘油果糖250ml静脉点滴,2次/d治疗。

2天后患者仍感明显头痛,但无恶心呕吐。每次予加强脱水后,头痛均有不同程度缓解。请肿瘤科及神经内科会诊后均考虑转移瘤可能性大,建议找颅外病灶或颅内病灶活检。11月8日因考虑脑转移瘤诊断依据不足,颅内活检不可行。

再次尝试

神经梅毒很可能是错的,那么到底是什么原因导致的呢?再次审视患者各项检查及病史,考虑患者严重细胞免疫功能缺陷,开始怀疑弓形虫(中医称之为“三尸虫”)的可能,加用阿奇霉素0.5g静脉点滴,1次/d联合复方磺胺甲恶唑3片口服,3次/d抗感染,地塞米松5mg静脉推注,2次/d,同时送检血弓形虫抗体。

次日患者再次出现癫痫情况,10min左右缓解。11月11日复查肝功能:ALT115.8IU/L,AST44.6IU/L,GGT160.5U/L,LDH438IU/L,示肝损加重,肝炎病毒标志物均为阴性,且排除嗜肝病毒感染,加用甘草酸二胺和还原性谷胱甘肽保肝治疗。11月12日血弓形虫荧光定量PCR低于检测线,血弓形虫抗体IgG阳性,IgM阴性。

病情好转

患者头痛至11月12日明显缓解,11月14日即无明显头痛,但仍主诉视物模糊且有重影。于11月15日复查头颅MRI提示双侧额、颞、枕叶、右侧顶叶以及右侧小脑半球可见多个大小不等类圆形及不规则形态的结节及肿块,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI高信号为主,右侧额、顶部病灶旁见大片状水肿,增强扫描后病灶呈不规则强化,周围水肿无强化,中线结构向左侧偏移。与11月6日头颅MRI比较,病灶强化程度稍有降低,余改善不明显。

11月19日眼球内收改善。

11月21日视物模糊、重影明显好转。

11月22日再次复查头颅MRI,与11月15日老片比较病灶强化程度有所降低,水肿好转。



11月26日起自觉无视物模糊、重影。

11月29日行腰椎穿刺术,脑脊液常规生化均无异常。

12月6日复查头颅MRI,病灶仍在吸收中。12月7日患者出现发热,热峰39℃,伴咳嗽,咳微黄痰,偶见痰中带血。胸部CT示双肺多发片状高密度影,以右上肺为着。

血常规WBC4.26×10^9/L,NE3.59×10^9/L,Hb117g/L,PLT20×10^9/L;

血生化:ALT244IU/L,AST263.6IU/L-1,LDH3142IU/L。

考虑院内获得性肺炎的可能,给予莫西沙星及比阿培南联合抗感染,并加用双环醇保肝治疗。

12月12日患者体温恢复正常,咳嗽好转。

12月14日复查血常规WBC2.9×109L,NE2.17×109L,Hb139g/L,PLT43×109L;

血生化:ALT356.7IU/L,AST496.5IU/L,LDH1311IU/L,α-HBDH1058IU/L,CK110IU/L;

因考虑阿奇霉素及复方磺胺甲恶唑可能存在的肝毒性及骨髓抑制,遂暂时停用。

12月16日复查胸部CT提示病灶较前明显吸收。痰培养示溶血葡萄球菌,考虑污染可能。

12月20日复查血常规:WBC4.86×109L,NE1.4×109L,Hb129g/L,PLT163×109L;

血生化:ALT152.3IU/L,AST152.0IU/L,LDH581IU/L;头颅MRI示病灶仍在吸收中。

12月21日重新开始抗弓形虫治疗。

12月24日停用莫西沙星和比阿培南。

至2011年1月7日复查头颅MRI病灶明显吸收,遂停用阿奇霉素,复方磺胺甲恶唑改为2片,1次/d维持,抗弓形虫急性期治疗疗程共7周。



讨论

弓形虫是一种细胞内寄生虫,能感染鸟类、哺乳动物和人类。人类主要通过食入被弓形虫污染的生的或未煮熟的肉类、水等后呈隐形感染,所以人群中感染率与地区的饮食及卫生习惯密切相关,且随年龄上升,与性别无关,在温带及热带地区最常见。弓形虫对脑组织有很高的亲和性,宿主的细胞免疫反应在机体控制弓形虫感染过程中起着重要的作用。当宿主免疫功能低下时,弓形体包囊活化引起脑部的活动性感染。

弓形虫脑病主要引起多灶性脑损伤,其次可见单个病灶,极少见弥散性脑炎改变。病人最常见的主诉包括头痛、发热、局灶功能缺失、癫痫发作、精神混乱、运动失调、昏睡、颅神经损伤。CT或MRI对于弓形虫脑病的诊断都是必不可少的,而MRI更为敏感,特别是对一些小的损伤或者是位于颅后窝的病变。在CT上发现单独病灶的病例中的30%在MRI上可以发现两个或者更多的病灶。弓形虫脑炎在CT上的典型表现为圆形或不规则形低密度灶,增强扫描时见环状或结节状强化,周围伴随水肿带。MRI上可见颅内长T1和长T2信号。20%的病例在影像学上表现为不典型改变,主要见于病灶不伴有相对强化,或是弥散性大脑炎的改变等等。

弓形虫脑病的确诊需要在脑组织中找到弓形虫的速殖体,但在临床工作中,其诊断主要依赖于临床表现、影像学资料改变以及血清学检测,在经验性抗弓形虫治疗10~14d,临床表现及影像学改变均有明显改善即可明确诊断。

由于获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者合并弓形虫脑病大部分是潜伏性感染复发,体内已经有IgG抗体,但不出现IgM抗体,检测血清IgG抗体有助于弓形虫脑炎的诊断,但是抗体阴性不能排除诊断。对于有着广泛脑组织损伤的AIDS患者,明确诊断必须要考虑到宿主的细胞免疫水平,在发达国家,中枢神经系统的淋巴瘤是首要和弓形虫脑病鉴别的疾病,而在发展中国家,具有局灶病变的结核性脑炎是需要主要鉴别的疾病。

合并中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的AIDS患者CD4一般低于50μl/L,合并弓形虫脑病的AIDS患者CD4往往不超过100μl/L,而合并结核性脑炎的AIDS患者CD4一般在200μl/L以下。除此之外,还需要和隐球菌脑炎、进行性多灶性脑白质病及HIV相关或不相关的其它脑部肿瘤相鉴别。

目前仍有10%的弓形虫脑病患者,尽管被认为已经给予了充分的治疗,仍然不幸死亡,所以早期诊断非常重要。利用脑脊液或外周血进行分子学检测对于早期诊断弓形虫脑病是一种损伤小、特异性高的方法,特别是对于AIDS患者,因为它不受病人免疫状态的影响,但目前国内很少施行。国外研究报道,以脑脊液为标本,它的敏感性的报道差异很大(11.5%~100%),但特异性很高(96%~100%);而以外周血为标本,其敏感性更低(1.5%),特异性100%,故临床不做推荐。

对于AIDS患者,弓形虫脑病的治疗包括急性期治疗、维持治疗及初级预防。急性期的治疗首选磺胺嘧啶(1~1.5g,每日4次)加乙胺嘧啶(50mg,每日2次,3d后减少一半剂量)或者克林霉素(600mg,每天4次)加乙胺嘧啶。但因国内乙胺嘧啶较难获得,所以多选用复方磺胺甲恶唑(3片,每日3次口服)加阿奇霉素(0.5g,每天1次静脉给药),疗程6周。

在国外的两个随机研究中可见复方磺胺甲恶唑对弓形虫脑病的治疗与乙胺嘧啶/磺胺嘧啶一样有效。国内临床资料中不管是单用复方磺胺甲恶唑或是复方磺胺甲恶唑联合阿奇霉素,均取得较好的治疗效果。弓形虫脑病的维持治疗应在病变吸收至少75%后才能开始,剂量通常用急性期治疗剂量的一半,也可选用复方磺胺甲恶唑2片,每天1次。如果患者CD4升到200μl/L以上至少维持3个月以上,维持治疗可以考虑停止。对于所有弓形虫IgG抗体阳性的AIDS患者,如果CD4<100μl-1都要进行初级预防,可选用复方磺胺甲恶唑1片,每天1次,同样当患者CD4升到200μl/L以上,至少维持3个月以上时,初级预防也可以考虑停止。

本例患者经肿瘤及神经科多方会诊均考虑转移瘤可能性大,但虑及患者为免疫缺陷的年轻男性,胸腹部CT扫描均未发现原发肿瘤病灶,各项肿瘤指标也均为阴性,结合患者头颅MRI特点及临床表现及时启用抗弓形虫经验治疗,挽救了病人的生命,其后的弓形虫抗体检测及良好的治疗效果也证实了疾病的诊断。值得一提的是,对于AIDS患者,在6周的抗弓形虫治疗过程中随时有可能并发其他的机会性感染或者出现药物相关反应,故须密切监测,及时处理,在病情允许的范围内及早进行高效抗逆转录酶治疗。

【本期话题】:“你还知道哪些AIDS患者易患病呢?”。点赞最多的用户将获得梅斯医学准备的精美礼品一份。

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    2018-06-11 1771ae4158m

    学习一下很不错

    0

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    2018-05-13 洋洋sir

    可以的

    0

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    2018-04-30 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医学知识

    0

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    2018-04-29 lou.minghong

    学习谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-04-29 177200fc66m

    很好.学习了

    0

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    2018-04-28 兰焱雨

    涨知识了

    0

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    2018-04-28 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2018-04-28 虈亣靌

    好知识值得拥有的

    0

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