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Nature:阿尔茨海默氏症病因新解读

2013-05-06 何嫱 互联网

由美国麻省大学医学院、波恩大学和德国先进欧洲学习与研究中心的研究人员组成的一个国际研究小组,在新研究中证实一个众所周知的免疫炎症过程在阿尔茨海默氏症的病理学中发挥了重要的作用。这一过程导致生成了成熟的促炎性细胞因子白细胞介素1β(IL-1B),与机体抵御感染相关,因此被确立为类风湿性关节炎的一个临床靶点。这一发表在《自然》(Nature)杂志上的研究发现指出了破坏IL-1B生成的药物,例如类风湿性

由美国麻省大学医学院、波恩大学和德国先进欧洲学习与研究中心的研究人员组成的一个国际研究小组,在新研究中证实一个众所周知的免疫炎症过程在阿尔茨海默氏症的病理学中发挥了重要的作用。这一过程导致生成了成熟的促炎性细胞因子白细胞介素1β(IL-1B),与机体抵御感染相关,因此被确立为类风湿性关节炎的一个临床靶点。这一发表在《自然》(Nature)杂志上的研究发现指出了破坏IL-1B生成的药物,例如类风湿性关节炎药物,或许有利于阿尔茨海默氏症患者。

医学和微生物学及生理系统学教授、感染性疾病和免疫学主任Douglas T. Golenbock 博士说:“这一研究发现为阿尔茨海默氏症患者提供了一个重要的新临床靶点。多年来,我们已经知道与阿尔茨海默氏症相关的斑块周围有小神经胶质细胞。但我们并不知道炎症在这一疾病的进程中所起的作用。发现这一关联,我们获得了可能识别和攻击这一可怕疾病的新途径。”

阿尔茨海默氏症是最常见的一种痴呆形式,这一神经退行性疾病可造成记忆丧失、认知功能受损,并最终导致死亡。据预测,到2050年,每85人中就有1人罹患这一疾病。当前还没有有效的治疗。

阿尔茨海默氏症的一个关键生理学成分,就是存在于细胞外的斑块,其主要由β淀粉样肽构成,积聚在大脑之中。这些斑块被认为是有毒的,是邻近神经元死亡和皮质损失的主要原因。在短期记忆中发挥重要作用的海马是大脑受到阿尔茨海默氏症损害的第一个区域。

在以往的研究中,Golenbock和同事们确定:当附近的小神经胶质细胞接触到β-淀粉样蛋白纤维时,细胞培养物中的神经元会死亡。通常情况下,小神经胶质细胞负责消除中枢神经细胞中的斑块、受损神经元和传染源。β淀粉样肽会通过激活小神经胶质细胞生成包括细胞因子在内的神经毒化合物,导致中枢神经系统炎症。然而在阿尔茨海默氏症患者中,这一过程是如何被激活的,研究人员并不清楚。

Golenbock实验室早前的研究表明,β淀粉样肽可以通过激活小神经胶质细胞中的一个多蛋白受体复合物——NLRP3炎性体(inflammasome),来诱导IL-1B生成。NLRP3炎性体能够识别β淀粉样肽,其与痛风和石棉肺等几种慢性炎症性疾病有关联。通过检测阿尔茨海默氏症组织样本,科学家们发现“每个细胞样本都有炎性体激活迹象,强烈表明,它们正在生成IL-1B,” Golenbock说。

“结合我们早前的研究,其强烈地表明NLRP3和caspase-1在生成IL-1B中发挥作用,促进了阿尔茨海默氏症疾病进程,” Golenbock说。

为了评估NLRP3和caspase-1对于生物体阿尔茨海默氏症的确切影响,研究人员记录了小鼠模型的认知功能和记忆,这些小鼠表达与家族性阿尔茨海默氏症相关的基因,而存在NLRP3或caspase-1缺陷,研究人员还将它们与具有完整免疫系统的阿尔茨海默氏症小鼠进行了比较。当研究人员对NLRP3或caspase-1突变小鼠进行阿尔茨海默氏症记忆测试时,他们发现动物表现出更好的记忆,似乎免于记忆丧失。然而,正常水平表达NLRP3 和caspase-1的阿尔茨海默氏症小鼠则表现与阿尔茨海默氏症一致的症状。进一步的检测揭示,NLRP3 和caspase-1缺陷小鼠显示β-淀粉样斑块减少,小神经胶质细胞清除β淀粉样蛋白的能力提高。

研究还揭示,相比显示症状的小鼠,在NLRP3或caspase-1缺陷小鼠中激活IL-1水平降低。由于NLRP3和caspase-1缺乏,这些小鼠生成了较少的IL-1。这些缺陷似乎促进了一种小神经胶质细胞表型的形成,能够更好地代谢和消除中枢神经系统中的阿尔茨海默氏症斑块。

Golenbock 说:“这些结果表明,敲除NLRP3、caspase-1或成熟IL-1B有可能代表了一种新型的阿尔茨海默氏症治疗干预。有可能阻断NLRP3或IL-1B的药物,包括一些已经进入临床实验或上市的药物,能够提供一些益处。”

“关键的地方在于,药物能够破坏多少NLRP3或IL-1B的生成。我相信仅破坏90%都是不够的,或许必须要接近100%。”

阿尔茨海默氏症相关的拓展阅读:

NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer's disease and contributes to pathology in APP/PS1 mice.
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the world's most common dementing illness. Deposition of amyloid-β peptide drives cerebral neuroinflammation by activating microglia. Indeed, amyloid-β activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia is fundamental for interleukin-1β maturation and subsequent inflammatory events. However, it remains unknown whether NLRP3 activation contributes to Alzheimer's disease in vivo. Here we demonstrate strongly enhanced active caspase-1 expression in human mild cognitive impairment and brains with Alzheimer's disease, suggesting a role for the inflammasome in this neurodegenerative disease. Nlrp3(-/-) or Casp1(-/-) mice carrying mutations associated with familial Alzheimer's disease were largely protected from loss of spatial memory and other sequelae associated with Alzheimer's disease, and demonstrated reduced brain caspase-1 and interleukin-1β activation as well as enhanced amyloid-β clearance. Furthermore, NLRP3 inflammasome deficiency skewed microglial cells to an M2 phenotype and resulted in the decreased deposition of amyloid-β in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer's disease. These results show an important role for the NLRP3/caspase-1 axis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition represents a new therapeutic intervention for the disease.

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