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腰椎终板Modic改变的影响因素及临床治疗进展

2015-06-16 同济大学附属东方医院脊柱外科 王善金 中国脊柱脊髓杂志2015年第25卷第4期

椎体软骨终板分为骨性终板和软骨终板,其作用非常重要,对维持脊柱的整体以及椎间盘的功能有重要的意义,研究表明终板的生物力学和生物化学特性的改变容易引起椎间盘退变相关疾病。腰椎终板及终板下骨质在MRI上的信号改变被称为Modic改变,其发生率正常人群中为6%,腰背痛人群中为40%,Modic改变在中年会进展,而且具有一定的遗传易感性。伴有Modic改变更容易影响腰痛患者的工作和生活。因此Modic

椎体软骨终板分为骨性终板和软骨终板,其作用非常重要,对维持脊柱的整体以及椎间盘的功能有重要的意义,研究表明终板的生物力学和生物化学特性的改变容易引起椎间盘退变相关疾病。腰椎终板及终板下骨质在MRI上的信号改变被称为Modic改变,其发生率正常人群中为6%,腰背痛人群中为40%,Modic改变在中年会进展,而且具有一定的遗传易感性。伴有Modic改变更容易影响腰痛患者的工作和生活。因此Modic改变自提出以来,激起了众多学者的研究热情,然至今其影响因素及临床治疗仍充满争议。笔者对近几年国内外临床研究最新进展综述如下。

影响因素

Modic改变随着年龄的增长其发生率逐渐增加,中老年腰腿痛患者椎体终板Modic改变以Ⅱ型最多见。男女人群的发生率有较大差异,女性患者发生Modic改变多于男性。肥胖人群发生率高于正常体重人群。女性体内的激素变化以及肥胖人群的腰椎应力改变可能是这种差异的原因。一些研究者认为与职业、娱乐方式等因素有关,Mefford等的一项关于高尔夫球手的研究发现,伴有腰痛的高尔夫球手其右侧Ⅰ型Modic改变明显,认为这与高尔夫球手经常从右侧挥球杆,引起右侧终板损伤加剧有关,从而引起右侧的终板炎性反应。一些生活习惯比如吸烟,则认为与Modic改变无明显相关性。

Modic改变在腰痛人群中出现的概率较高,ModicⅠ、Ⅱ型面积改变率分别与腰痛的疼痛程度有密切关系,Ⅲ型面积改变率与腰痛程度无明显相关性。Kaapa等认为伴有Ⅰ型Modic改变的腰痛患者症状的严重程度与Modic改变的程度无关,而与Modic改变的类型有关,Ⅰ型Modic改变患者的临床症状较正在向Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型转化的患者重。

随访4年的观察表明,Modic改变与椎间盘退变、膨出、突出则密切相关。类似的研究证实腰椎Modic改变在腰椎间盘退行性变患者出现的概率比正常人群高。腰椎终板Modic改变分级与椎间盘退变Pearce分级密切相关,与椎间盘疼痛激发试验有显著相关性。说明Modic改变与椎间盘退变关系密切,但两者之间是并存关系还是因果关系难以确定。

Modic改变与腰椎不稳和腰椎曲度之间存在一定的相关性,ModicⅠ型改变与腰椎不稳相关性最强。老年慢性腰腿痛患者中椎间盘高度的丢失且不伴有重度椎体骨质增生的终板Modic改变发生率较高,椎间盘塌陷合并重度椎体骨质增生患者与单纯重度椎体骨质增生患者的Modic改变发生率无明显差别。在退变性侧凸患者中,Modic改变与椎间盘退变、终板倾斜度、腰椎侧凸角及体重指数之间存在相关关系;且以ModicⅡ型改变多见,多发生于终板的凹侧,L2/3、L5/S1和L4/5节段多发。在腰椎滑脱的患者中,Modic改变与滑脱程度、椎间盘退变、体重指数、劳动量存在相关性;Modic改变在退变性滑脱中以Ⅱ型较多,在峡部裂性滑脱中以Ⅲ型多见,并且Modic改变易发生在滑脱节段所在。影像学上终板形态与Modic改变之间有相关性,终板形态由凹面型到平坦型再到不规则型,分别发生ModicⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型的几率也随之增高。

值得一提的是MRI的检查方法及磁场强度直接影响了Modic各型之间的判定,Bendix等比较了0.3T和1.5T的MRI对Modic改变的诊断,低磁场Ⅰ型发现率高,高磁场Ⅱ型检出率高。椎间隙感染和终板Modic改变常常需要鉴别,DWI可以用于鉴别椎间盘炎和ModicⅠ型改变。

Modic改变各型是动态变化的,Hutton等对Modic改变者进行随访发现,Ⅰ型中有13个终板(36.1%)转变为Ⅱ型;3个(8.3%)部分转变为Ⅲ型,2个(5.6%)变为正常,18个(50.0%)无明显变化,而Ⅱ型中有4个(18.2%)转变为Ⅰ型。Ohtori等研究发现腰椎融合术后,ModicⅠ型转化成Ⅱ型,Ⅱ型不会转化成Ⅰ型,说明Ⅱ型更稳定。同时部分Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型可以转化成正常信号,说明脊柱稳定后,退变的终板可以再生。Jensen等经14个月随访发现终板Modic改变的大小也存在动态变化,40%的病例由Ⅰ转化为Ⅱ或Ⅲ或混合型,形状越大越不容易改变。

临床治疗

由于治疗方案的选择是影响Modic分型转变以及邻近部位继发Modic改变的重要影响因素,因此伴有Modic改变的腰椎退变性疾病该如何进一步治疗,是保守还是手术,是微创还是开放手术,是单纯间盘摘除还是融合甚至是人工间盘置换,尽管文献报道很多,但争议一直不断。

保守治疗

有研究显示,休息和减轻负重等保守治疗对有Modic改变的腰痛患者疼痛减轻没有效果。Albert等采用随机双盲对照研究观察发现长时间抗生素(100d)治疗能明显缓解ModicⅠ型腰痛,说明在其他保守治疗无效的情况下,抗生素可以作为一种治疗手段。

单纯髓核摘除术

Rahme等在对平均年龄为54岁的41例椎间盘切除术患者3~5年随访发现,椎间盘髓核摘除术可以使Ⅰ型Modic改变加速向Ⅱ型转化,所有受访者均有腰痛症状的缓解。Ohtori等报道对45例伴或不伴终板ModicⅠ型改变的患者行单纯间盘髓核切除手术,随访结果显示两组疗效均良好且疗效相近,因此认为椎间盘突出症导致的腰痛主要来源于椎间盘或突出物引起的压迫,对于ModicⅠ型的患者也可施行单纯髓核摘除术。而Song等认为ModicⅡ型的腰椎间盘突出症,若无合并其他因素,更适合单纯椎间盘摘除术。国内学者采用后路内窥镜下髓核摘除术(MED)治疗伴有不同类型Modic改变的腰椎间盘突出症,结果各型直接临床疗效并无差异。

一些作者提出了不同的意见,Jensen等通过系统性研究发现Modic改变多伴有椎间盘突出,对此类患者行椎间盘单纯摘除术后,终板退变是复发的重要危险因素,术后残留的腰痛也与Modic改变密切相关。Scheufler等认为随着椎间盘高度的丢失,无较重骨质增生的患者的Modic改变的发生率较高,对此类患者施行单纯髓核摘除术会使相应椎间盘高度进一步降低,从而对软骨终板的破坏增加,进而会造成术后腰痛症状残留及术后复发。

椎间融合术

Song等建议对于伴有ModicⅠ型改变的腰椎间盘突出患者考虑椎间融合术。Peng等对21例Modic改变腰痛患者行腰椎后路椎间融合术(PLIF)手术,经过41个月的随访观察,发现20例患者的腰痛症状明显缓解,认为椎间盘髓核摘除术联合PLIF是治疗终板源性腰痛的有效方法。单纯摘除术仅处理了突出的髓核,未对终板进行处理,所以对终板源性腰痛的缓解较差,而后路减压植骨融合内固定术刮除了退变的软骨终板,促进骨性终板与植骨粒间的融合,后路钉棒固定系统重新恢复脊柱的稳定性及椎间高度,阻止压力负荷对病变终板的进一步损伤。同时也去除了各种炎性因子,有利于术后患者腰痛症状的缓解。有无Modic改变并不影响腰椎融合术后1年或2年的临床效果。因此,我们认为对合并椎间盘高度丢失且无重度骨质增生的腰腿痛患者施行椎间植骨融合术疗效优于单纯摘除术。

人工椎间盘置换

非融合技术日渐兴起,Blondel等对221例患者行腰椎间盘置换术,其中无Modic改变的107例,Ⅰ型Modic改变的患者65例,Ⅱ型Modic改变的患者49例,结果发现Ⅰ型modic改变患者椎间盘置换术后效果最好。这类研究相对较少,Modic改变是否会影响椎间盘置换的临床效果,还需要进一步的长期随访研究。

椎间盘内激素注射

Nguyen等认为Ⅰ型modic改变的自然愈合时间为3年,椎间盘内注射激素治疗可以缩短Ⅰ型Modic转变的时间,减轻腰痛的症状。Beaudrenuil等发现严重腰痛的Ⅰ型Modic改变患者行椎间盘内注射激素,取得了很好的止痛效果。Mineta等发现ModicⅠ型经椎间盘内注射激素治疗后可以转化成Ⅱ型,再次复发Ⅰ型改变,椎间盘内注射同样有效。但这种治疗方法仍需要大量研究来证实其安全性。

经椎间孔神经根阻滞术

Peterson等观察356例经椎间孔神经根阻滞术的患者,发现对不伴有Modic改变的腰椎间盘突出症患者效果较好,而对伴有Modic改变的患者,症状缓解不明显甚至加重。ModicⅠ型与Ⅱ型之间无治疗差异性。因此对伴有Modic改变的腰腿痛患者,要慎重应用神经根阻滞术。综上所述,在腰椎间盘退行性变中,Modic改变是一个重要征象,是造成腰痛的原因之一。Modic改变各型之间动态变化,受到多种临床因素的影响,与椎间盘退变密切相关。

对伴有Modic改变的临床治疗研究较少,在临床工作中,我们不能只关注椎间盘、关节突关节的退变等表现而忽略了终板Modic改变的存在,必须深刻认识到,Modic改变对治疗方案选择的影响,同时治疗方式可进一步导致不同Modic分型之间的相互转变以及邻近节段Modic改变的发生。因此正确认识其影像学表现,确保患者得到及时而正确的治疗,具有重要的临床意义。目前,对椎体软骨终板Modic改变的基础与临床研究任重道远,终板退变、椎间盘退变何为始动因素则仍然难以确定。关于伴有Modic改变的腰椎退变性疾病患者最终该如何合理选择手术方式,仍然有待于结合相关可能影响因素进一步研究后得出结论。

作者:同济大学附属东方医院脊柱外科  王善金 来源:中国脊柱脊髓杂志2015年第25卷第4期

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    2016-02-16 jeanqiuqiu
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1858611, encodeId=d78e18586118b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0a9593596' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5935, encryptionId=e0a9593596, topicName=DIC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Tue Feb 16 13:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=46747, encodeId=258246e4752, content=非常好,对modic病变有进一步认识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAbAss3ANsjUWZKUgN2n3JyJDHOJJAxibetNCiaEh70YckbPPTELyyStMZ8T3Q340icNSXgj72MowgTC/0, createdBy=188f1666747, createdName=1de00086m73(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Dec 19 18:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=36565, encodeId=9e4836565ac, content=Modic改变很有价值!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=75bb1617091, createdName=Bobby7868, createdTime=Wed Sep 09 13:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32510, encodeId=068332510cb, content=先mark, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150707/IMG559BDBCBCA5618647.jpg, createdBy=494c1631012, createdName=文刀, createdTime=Sun Jul 12 20:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29286, encodeId=59072928673, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 23:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1272044, encodeId=45e112e20440a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd1a854340b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85434, encryptionId=cd1a854340b, topicName=腰椎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e93e105, createdName=anminleiryan, createdTime=Thu Jun 18 06:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465523, encodeId=8de5146552387, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=144f5032688' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#影响因素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50326, encryptionId=144f5032688, topicName=影响因素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80a06745918, createdName=chenzhuanggui, createdTime=Thu Jun 18 06:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1525793, encodeId=ac361525e9346, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c93e228e889' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22878, encryptionId=c93e228e889, topicName=临床治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a68911667380, createdName=xuyong527, createdTime=Thu Jun 18 06:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-19 1de00086m73(暂无匿称)

    非常好,对modic病变有进一步认识

    0

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    2015-09-09 Bobby7868

    Modic改变很有价值!

    0

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    2015-07-12 文刀

    先mark

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1858611, encodeId=d78e18586118b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e0a9593596' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5935, encryptionId=e0a9593596, topicName=DIC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6f7770, createdName=jeanqiuqiu, createdTime=Tue Feb 16 13:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=46747, encodeId=258246e4752, content=非常好,对modic病变有进一步认识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Pw2csslt7CukWiabqiblnQAbAss3ANsjUWZKUgN2n3JyJDHOJJAxibetNCiaEh70YckbPPTELyyStMZ8T3Q340icNSXgj72MowgTC/0, createdBy=188f1666747, createdName=1de00086m73(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Dec 19 18:47:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=36565, encodeId=9e4836565ac, content=Modic改变很有价值!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=75bb1617091, createdName=Bobby7868, createdTime=Wed Sep 09 13:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32510, encodeId=068332510cb, content=先mark, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150707/IMG559BDBCBCA5618647.jpg, createdBy=494c1631012, createdName=文刀, createdTime=Sun Jul 12 20:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29286, encodeId=59072928673, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 23:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1272044, encodeId=45e112e20440a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd1a854340b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85434, encryptionId=cd1a854340b, topicName=腰椎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e93e105, createdName=anminleiryan, createdTime=Thu Jun 18 06:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1465523, encodeId=8de5146552387, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=144f5032688' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#影响因素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50326, encryptionId=144f5032688, topicName=影响因素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=80a06745918, createdName=chenzhuanggui, createdTime=Thu Jun 18 06:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1525793, encodeId=ac361525e9346, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c93e228e889' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22878, encryptionId=c93e228e889, topicName=临床治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a68911667380, createdName=xuyong527, createdTime=Thu Jun 18 06:15:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-25 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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