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Cell :出生前大脑发育竟由它严格管控!

2017-10-06 佚名 转化医学网

神经科学教授Guo-li Ming博士和Hongjun Song博士一直致力于研究如何使大脑工作的基本原则。Hongjun Song博士称,当大脑的发育过程出现错误,那么问题就出现了,这将导致人类精神疾病的发生。Guo-li Ming博士和Hongjun Song博士利用动物模型和人类干细胞制备而成的类器官,也叫作迷你脑(mini-brain),来将他们的研究发现与人类发生的精神疾病联系起来。


神经科学教授Guo-li Ming博士和Hongjun Song博士一直致力于研究如何使大脑工作的基本原则。Hongjun Song博士称,当大脑的发育过程出现错误,那么问题就出现了,这将导致人类精神疾病的发生。Guo-li Ming博士和Hongjun Song博士利用动物模型和人类干细胞制备而成的类器官,也叫作迷你脑(mini-brain),来将他们的研究发现与人类发生的精神疾病联系起来。


Guo-li Ming(左)和Hongjun Song(右)

过去几年,科学家们已经发现了某些位点跨基因组的信使RNA的化学修饰,并且这些变化是动态的,这意味着特定的化学基团通过酶进行的加入和移除是具有一定规则的。该篇Cell文章中研究的化学基团为N6-甲基腺嘌呤(m6A),是人类细胞中mRNA最常见的修饰。

Guo-li Ming博士说道,我们这样问自己,这是基因表达调控的另一个层面吗?

目前的想法是,严格控制的分子过程指导了出生前大脑的复杂发育过程-这个过程依赖基因精确序列的打开和关闭。然而,这个过程的微妙错误也可能稍后被放大。Hongjun Song博士将这一过程比作一列火车移动到错误的轨道上,与其目的地渐行渐远。

关于这种控制的经典观点是DNA编码出RNA,指导细胞产生哪些蛋白质。然而,mRNA可以沿着这种方式被修饰,使得它可以产生多种差异的蛋白质。 由于这一知识的拓展,从而诞生了一个称为“表观转录组学”的新领域。

该篇Cell文章是哺乳动物胚胎大脑的第一个表观转录组学的研究,N6-甲基腺嘌呤(m6A)修饰是关键所在,它是细胞内待降解分子的标志物。通常条件下,m6A标记的mRNA和细胞增殖和神经元分化等过程相关,当不再需要这些分子时,m6A标记可促使其衰退。



如果在正确的时间表上没有将m6A标记到垃圾分子中,则“发育列车”将会驶入错误的轨道。Ming and Song认为,这是因为发育的脑细胞被困在较早阶段,因为未经m6A修饰的细胞垃圾是不会被读取或读取不不够的。

研究人员发现,在m6A缺失的小鼠模型中,细胞复制延长,本应以有序方式进行的干细胞分化被阻滞。 敲除小鼠仅发育出更少的脑细胞,如神经元和神经胶质细胞,因此脑电路异常和功能丧失。

Ming称,我们还使用了由人的诱导多能干细胞制成的类器官,即迷你脑,将基因敲除小鼠上的发现与人类相关联起来,m6A信号同样调控人类脑组织的神经元发育。


类脑组织(cerebral organoids)

Ming开发的迷你脑类器官的神经元发育类似于人脑的神经元发育,可模拟胎儿脑部发育直至妊娠中期。Ming称,当我们发现人类干细胞相比小鼠细胞有更多的m6A标签时,我们非常惊讶。通过比较小鼠和人类胚胎大脑发育中的m6A-mRNA图谱让我们知道,人类特异性m6A标签可能与脑疾病的风险基因相关。

与某些疾病的遗传风险相关的许多基因,例如精神分裂症和自闭症谱系障碍,在人类中才有m6A标记,小鼠是没有的,这大大增加了这些基因表达水平调节异常的可能性,从而有助于某些人类脑部疾病的发生。

今后,该团队计划寻找精神障碍患者捐赠的脑组织中的m6A水平,以及m6A如何调节出生后神经系统的发育和再生。

原始出处:

Hongjun Song et al. Temporal Control of Mammalian Cortical Neurogenesis by m6A Methylation. Cell, September 2017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.003
END

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    2018-03-16 维他命
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    2017-10-08 neurowu
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    2017-10-06 欣怡b88dc255

    迷你脑

    0

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