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“妊娠期微小病毒B19感染的临床实践指南”解读

2016-06-27 罗青清,骆名恋,邹丽 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

人微小病毒B19(简称B19病毒)是一种单链、线性DNA病毒,是学龄儿童传染性红斑(又称第五病)的病原体。妊娠期急性B19病毒感染的发生率约为1%~2%,在感染爆发流行时妊娠期妇女的感染率可上升至10%[1]。由于B19病毒可以通过胎盘,孕妇感染B19病毒后可通过母胎垂直传播途径引起胎儿宫内感染。尽管大多数情况下胎儿宫内感染可自发缓解,不影响胎儿结局,但部分患者B19病毒宫内感染可导致胎儿水肿

人微小病毒B19(简称B19病毒)是一种单链、线性DNA病毒,是学龄儿童传染性红斑(又称第五病)的病原体。妊娠期急性B19病毒感染的发生率约为1%~2%,在感染爆发流行时妊娠期妇女的感染率可上升至10%[1]。由于B19病毒可以通过胎盘,孕妇感染B19病毒后可通过母胎垂直传播途径引起胎儿宫内感染。尽管大多数情况下胎儿宫内感染可自发缓解,不影响胎儿结局,但部分患者B19病毒宫内感染可导致胎儿水肿、死胎和自然流产等严重不良妊娠结局。美国妇产科医师协会(ACOG)在2015年6月发布的第151号指南中对多种妊娠期病毒感染进行了临床实践指导。本文将对其中B19病毒部分进行解读。

1、妊娠期B19病毒感染的特点

B19病毒主要通过呼吸道分泌物及手-口接触传播,其他传染途径包括血制品传播及母胎垂直传播。由于呼吸道传染是其主要传播途径,B19病毒感染可出现周期性流行病学爆发,爆发周期约为3~5年。感染者在感染B19病毒5~10 d后即具有传染性,当出现皮疹症状时不再具有传染性。B19病毒感染具有自限性,一次感染后即具有终身免疫能力,因此病毒血清学阳性率随年龄增长而上升。国外妊娠期妇女B19病毒血清学阳性率约为50%~65%[1- 2],我国约为47%[3]。妊娠期感染风险与孕妇接触人群有关,与学龄儿童接触较多的孕妇妊娠期感染的风险增高,包括幼儿园或学龄儿童家长、托儿所工作人员或学校老师。我国“二胎生育”的开放可能会导致发病率的上升。

妊娠本身并不增加B19病毒感染的风险,但B19病毒感染可在一定程度上影响妊娠结局。妊娠母体感染B19病毒后,病毒通过胎盘引起胎儿宫内感染的发病率为17%~33%[4- 5]。胎儿宫内感染的风险及对妊娠结局的影响与感染时孕周有关。中孕期最易发生宫内感染,尤其是17~24孕周[6],这可能与中孕期胎儿的造血功能增强、母胎血流交换增加有关[7]。早孕期和中孕期B19病毒感染会增加自然流产的风险。血清学证实,孕20周前感染B19病毒孕妇,胎儿丢失率约为8%~17%;而孕20周后急性感染者,胎儿丢失率下降至2%~6%。

妊娠期B19病毒感染与胎儿非免疫性水肿密切相关,约8%~10%的胎儿水肿与B19病毒宫内感染有关,也有文献报道两者的相关率高达18%~27%。胎儿红细胞半衰期相对较短,在病毒感染时易出现严重贫血、低氧血症以及胎儿心衰,从而导致胎儿非免疫性水肿。B19病毒宫内感染的其他并发症包括新生儿肝功能不良、心肌炎和神经系统发育异常。目前认为,孕期急性B19病毒感染不增加胎儿畸形的风险。

2、如何诊断妊娠期母体B19病毒感染

ACOG:孕妇一旦暴露于B19病毒,应尽快行血清学筛查以确定是否需要动态监测血清学变化(循证医学B级证据)。
解读:B19病毒感染者体内可产生特异性IgM和IgG抗体。 IgM抗体在病毒感染10~12  d后即可检测到,通常可持续1个月到数个月,IgG抗体产生后感染者终身具有免疫力。对暴露于B19病毒的孕妇应尽快行血清学检测IgM和IgG抗体。若孕妇血清学检查IgM抗体(-),IgG抗体(+),表明对B19病毒感染具有免疫力,B19病毒感染不会对其妊娠结局造成影响。孕妇血清学检查IgM抗体(+)提示近期感染,此时无论IgG抗体是否阳性,均应检测胎儿是否存在潜在感染。对于怀疑B19病毒感染,而血清学检查IgM抗体(-)、IgG抗体(-)的孕妇,应该在4周后复查,若复查结果显示IgM抗体(+)或IgG抗体(+),应检测胎儿是否存在潜在感染。另有文献认为,仅IgM抗体(+)而IgG抗体(-),提示极近期感染或假阳性,此时推荐在1~2周后复查,若为极近期感染则复查时IgG抗体检查结果应该为阳性[8]。IgM和IgG抗体均为阴性的孕妇对B19病毒易感,若孕妇有持续暴露于B19病毒的风险,血清学检查应每2~4周重复1次。

3、如何诊断妊娠期胎儿B19病毒感染

ACOG:PCR检测羊水B19病毒DNA可用于诊断胎儿是否存在B19病毒感染。
解读:B19病毒不能在常规细胞系中生长,因此体外分离培养病原体的方法不适合B19病毒检测。PCR检测法对于胎儿B19病毒感染的敏感度高达100%[4]。PCR检测羊水或胎儿脐血中B19病毒DNA或RNA的方法均能够反映胎儿是否存在宫内感染。定量PCR法能够检测胎儿血清及组织中B19病毒DNA滴度的高低,其结果对于处理有一定的指导意义,但这一技术尚未在临床广泛开展,因此目前诊断及治疗主要还是依赖于普通PCR定性法。急性宫内感染的胎盘及胎儿组织通过免疫组织化学染色法能呈现出特异性的改变,考虑到绝大多数妊娠期急性B19病毒感染无不良妊娠结局的发生,有创性检查仅适合于确诊的胎儿贫血或胎儿水肿。此外,当超声检查发现胎儿水肿时,也应检测胎儿是否存在B19病毒感染。

4 如何处理妊娠期母胎B19病毒感染

ACOG:确诊孕妇急性B19病毒感染后,应连续行超声检查动态监测胎儿有无水肿或贫血。此外,建议行多普勒超声检测胎儿大脑中动脉收缩期峰值血流速度,以预测胎儿是否存在贫血(循证医学A级证据)。

B19病毒感染伴胎儿水肿或怀疑存在严重胎儿贫血时,应采集胎儿血样,并做好输血准备。胎儿出现严重贫血时应考虑宫内输血(循证医学B级证据)。

解读:B19病毒感染的胎儿出现水肿时,超声表现包括皮肤水肿、腹水、胸腔积液、心包积液以及胎盘水肿。对血清学检查确诊急性B19病毒感染的孕妇,常规的胎儿超声检查项目应包括有无腔隙性水肿、胎盘增大、心肌肥大及生长受限。早期心衰的胎儿超声检查可表现为心肌肥大及水肿,但这一征象不具有特异性。胎儿存在肝炎或低蛋白血症等病理情况时,超声检查也可发现心肌肥大和水肿。

贫血的胎儿可通过增加心肌收缩力、扩张心脑血管、增加回心血量等血流动力学代偿机制来调节其对氧气的需求。多普勒检测胎儿大脑中动脉收缩期峰值血流速度是胎儿贫血的敏感预测指标。无论超声是否检测到胎儿水肿,利用多普勒检测胎儿大脑中动脉收缩期峰值血流速度的方法对胎儿中到重度贫血的预测敏感度为100%,假阳性率为12%[9]。此外,若孕妇在早孕期感染B19病毒,颈项透明层厚度(NT)测定和静脉导管多普勒测速也有助于预测是否会出现严重的胎儿贫血[10]。

死胎的风险在母体急性感染B19病毒后的数月均可存在,尤其是孕妇感染后1~11周。若孕妇在感染后8周没有发生胎儿水肿,则胎儿水肿将不会再发生。值得注意的是,即使母体未出现任何症状或超声检查未提示胎儿水肿等异常,病毒感染的胎儿也可能发生胎死宫内。因此,一旦确定孕妇暴露于B19病毒,在接下来的8~12周内,应每1~2周进行一次超声检查评估胎儿情况。尤其是对孕20周前确诊的母体妊娠期急性B19病毒感染,应尽快开始对胎儿宫内情况进行监测。若连续超声检查均未提示胎儿异常,妊娠期B19病毒感染导致胎儿不良妊娠结局的风险大大降低。若孕30周以后超声检查未提示胎儿异常,则可认为B19病毒感染不会对本次妊娠结局造成不良影响[8]。

若胎儿存在严重贫血,应考虑行宫内输血治疗。通常情况下,妊娠期急性B19病毒感染并不需要反复宫内输血。一次宫内输血即可缓解胎儿严重贫血。有研究显示,对于确诊B19病毒宫内感染同时合并胎儿水肿的患者,期待疗法组的死胎率约为30%,而宫内输血治疗组仅为6%[11]。

5、如何预防妊娠期B19病毒感染

ACOG:目前暂不推荐孕妇在B19病毒感染爆发时同高危人群密集的场所隔离。
解读:在B19病毒感染爆发时,预防病毒传播的手段非常有限。勤洗手能在一定程度上阻断病原体的传播。识别和隔离急性B19病毒感染者并不能减少总体人群的暴露率,这是由于20%~25%的感染者没有临床症状,且感染者在出现症状之前即具有传染性。因此,目前ACOG并不推荐孕妇在B19病毒感染爆发时同高危人群密集的场所进行隔离,但孕妇应将孕期B19病毒暴露的情况及时告知产科医生。

6、是否应将B19病毒感染筛查列为孕前或孕期常规项目

ACOG:不推荐常规对孕妇进行B19病毒血清学筛查(循证医学B级证据)。
解读:B19病毒感染孕妇的血清转化率低,同时母胎垂直传播率受孕周影响,不良胎儿结局的发生风险相对较低,因此不推荐将B19病毒血清学作为常规筛查项目。血清学筛查仅应用于母体出现B19病毒感染临床症状、有可疑或确诊的B19病毒感染暴露史时。

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    0

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1198911, encodeId=f0d21198911df, content=实用了 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200606/779634fdc8944a13a6da20900ae58236/e941130f9cc742b19b7379e5a172b9c0.jpg, createdBy=97c65381808, createdName=Ms🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐, createdTime=Thu Mar 03 00:28:24 CST 2022, time=2022-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2030989, encodeId=414c203098991, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5df2460e269' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#实践指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46072, encryptionId=5df2460e269, topicName=实践指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=796422, createdName=lvliquan, createdTime=Tue Feb 14 05:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1250992, encodeId=bc09125099238, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=90494486837' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#妊娠期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44868, encryptionId=90494486837, topicName=妊娠期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Wed Jun 29 05:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1323619, encodeId=e2d2132361940, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=42b922e7350' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床实践#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22773, encryptionId=42b922e7350, topicName=临床实践)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Wed Jun 29 05:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1571936, encodeId=9afb15e1936e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=413922e74cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床实践指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22774, encryptionId=413922e74cd, topicName=临床实践指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=276d15780972, createdName=lily1621, createdTime=Wed Jun 29 05:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1198911, encodeId=f0d21198911df, content=实用了 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200606/779634fdc8944a13a6da20900ae58236/e941130f9cc742b19b7379e5a172b9c0.jpg, createdBy=97c65381808, createdName=Ms🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐🧐, createdTime=Thu Mar 03 00:28:24 CST 2022, time=2022-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2030989, encodeId=414c203098991, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5df2460e269' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#实践指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=46072, encryptionId=5df2460e269, topicName=实践指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=796422, createdName=lvliquan, createdTime=Tue Feb 14 05:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1250992, encodeId=bc09125099238, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=90494486837' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#妊娠期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44868, encryptionId=90494486837, topicName=妊娠期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Wed Jun 29 05:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1323619, encodeId=e2d2132361940, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=42b922e7350' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床实践#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22773, encryptionId=42b922e7350, topicName=临床实践)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Wed Jun 29 05:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1571936, encodeId=9afb15e1936e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=413922e74cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床实践指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22774, encryptionId=413922e74cd, topicName=临床实践指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=276d15780972, createdName=lily1621, createdTime=Wed Jun 29 05:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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