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呵护食物过敏儿童,家长“应知应会”有哪些?

2020-08-17 新华网 新华网

吃蛋糕没事,吃蛋羹却起了风团;一喝牛奶就呕吐、拉肚子……食物过敏儿童的一日三餐令家长倍感焦虑。

吃蛋糕没事,吃蛋羹却起了风团;一喝牛奶就呕吐、拉肚子……食物过敏儿童的一日三餐令家长倍感焦虑。

食物过敏会伴随孩子终生吗?要做哪些检测才能确诊?如果致敏食物不能吃,如何保证营养?在近日举行的第十四届协和过敏性疾病国际高峰论坛上,多位变态反应科和儿科专家为家长详解呵护食物过敏儿童“应知应会”。

高发、“麻烦”,却非“一成不变”

食物过敏的发病在全球呈逐年增高趋势,在低龄人群尤为明显。首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院变态反应科主任医师沙莉介绍,西方国家约8%的儿童受到食物过敏影响,而我国的一个单中心横断面研究显示儿童食物过敏患病率已升至7.7%。

食物过敏“很麻烦”,可出现皮肤、胃肠道、呼吸道症状甚至危及生命的窒息和休克症状,严重影响患儿生活质量。儿童时期大多数食物过敏与牛奶、鸡蛋、鱼类、大豆、花生、小麦、甲壳类食物、坚果等八大类食物有关。

北京协和医院变态反应科副主任医师文利平介绍,儿童食物过敏包括IgE介导、非IgE介导和混合型等类型,其中IgE介导的食物过敏属于急性发作的类型。家族遗传史、皮肤屏障障碍、剖宫产、母乳喂养时间过短、环境过度清洁、早期抗生素的使用,这些都是导致IgE介导的食物过敏的危险因素。

不过,家长也不必过于焦虑。“儿童的食物过敏并非成人的‘缩小版’,而是始终在变化中的。”文利平说,儿童的食物过敏原以鸡蛋、牛奶、小麦、花生为主,大部分可以随年龄增长逐渐耐受,这也是成人食物过敏患病率低于儿童的主要原因。

专家还提示,食物不耐受不涉及免疫反应,并不是食物过敏。常有家长错将食物不耐受症状当作食物过敏,徒增烦恼。到底是不是食物过敏、对何种食物过敏,需要到医院确诊。

检测在“精”不在多,根本仍在预防

食物过敏的症状和别的过敏性疾病相比看上去没什么不同,那怎样才能确诊,又该如何治疗?

“有的家长要求医院给孩子做的检测越多越好,这是误区。”文利平说,食物过敏的检测关键在精准而不在多,一定要跟临床病史相符。一些未经论证的检测,如过敏原特异性IgG检测、生物共振/生物电检测、细胞毒性测试等,不但不能用于食物过敏的评价,还会干扰诊断、加重家长的焦虑情绪。

专家介绍,食物过敏正确的检测方法是皮肤点刺试验和血清特异性IgE检测。不过,这两个检测并不完美,存在交叉过敏反应问题。例如,有人吃虾蟹并不过敏,但因为尘螨过敏,他的虾蟹的皮试反应也会呈阳性。

如何精准诊断?文利平说,首先根据病史排查可疑食物,必要时进行新鲜食物的点刺试验。当临床病史采集和辅助检查不足以诊断时,需要进行口服激发试验。如仍无法确诊,就要进行双盲的食物激发试验。但这一食物过敏诊断的“金标准”也存在较高风险,必须在管理严格、流程规范、设备和人员符合要求的前提下,在严密监护下进行。

遗憾的是,专家表示,尽管最新的食物脱敏治疗方法已经见到一些疗效,但尚未广泛应用于临床。食物过敏目前还无法根治,根本仍在预防。

患者教育至关重要,但被“教”的不只是患者

5岁男孩倪某自幼就有严重的牛奶过敏,一次去餐馆喝了一小碗鱼汤后发生过敏性休克,住进了ICU。尽管餐前家长曾向餐馆说过孩子牛奶过敏,但餐馆也没意识到,鱼汤里添加的少量“三花淡奶”会成为诱发孩子过敏的“元凶”。

“患者教育是预防食物过敏发作的重中之重。”文利平说,食物过敏不单是家长或医生需要了解的问题,更是需要全民动员、全民重视的问题。

她说,要教育儿童“可以分享玩具但不可分享食物”;学校和幼儿园应定期向家长核实孩子的过敏原并备好急救药。要教育青少年患者及其家人读懂食物标签,明确是否含有致敏成分,注意交叉反应;了解食物烹调注意事项,明确用何种方式加工的食物不会致敏;减少在外就餐;学会使用肾上腺素笔。

不能吃某些食物,过敏患儿的营养如何保证?中华医学会儿科学分会儿童保健学组副组长胡燕说,通常确诊后必须进行严格的食物回避,并对症治疗以缓解症状。此后,对于提供生长发育所必需营养成分的食物,要寻找其替代品,比如为牛奶蛋白过敏的婴幼儿选择低敏配方。随着婴幼儿年龄增长合理添加辅食,不要过分限制辅食摄入;除了已明确含有过敏原的食物以外,其他辅食的引入时间与正常婴儿一致。合理搭配膳食营养,必要时进行营养素的补充和生长监测。

胡燕举例说,由于多种食物蛋白可以通过母乳传递给婴幼儿,对于0至6月龄母乳喂养的食物过敏婴儿,母亲应针对性地回避一些食物,不要盲目停掉母乳。如果婴儿确诊为牛奶蛋白过敏,母亲就要回避牛奶及其制品同时注意补充钙。而对于0至6月龄人工喂养的牛奶蛋白过敏的婴幼儿,症状在轻到中度的,首选深度水解配方来喂养;重度的、多种食物过敏的或者严重胃肠道症状食物过敏的,应选择氨基酸配方来喂养。

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    2020-08-19 ms5000000741733160

    0

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    2020-08-19 yhy100201
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    2020-08-18 1240394fm61暂无昵称

    原理过敏源

    0

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