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PNAS:科学家发现2种天然的避孕化合物

2017-05-24 MedSci 生物探索

近期,科学家们在雷公藤、芦荟等植物找到两种天然化合物,证实它们具有阻断精子进入卵细胞的功能,有望被开发成无副作用的紧急避孕药。他们将其称为“分子安全套”,可以在低剂量的情况下实现紧急避孕。

5月15日,PNAS期刊在线发表一篇题为“Regulation of the sperm calcium channel CatSper by endogenous steroids and plant triterpenoids”的文章,揭示了两种提取自天然植物中的化合物具有阻断精子进入卵细胞的功能,有望开发成无副作用的紧急避孕药。

来自于加州大学伯克利分校的分子和细胞学助理教授Polina Lishko带领Nadja Mannowetza、 Melissa R. Miller完成了这一研究。他们发现,这两种存在于雷公藤、芦荟等植物中的天然化合物——扁塑藤素(pristimerin)和羽扇豆醇(lupeol)能够在低剂量的浓度下有效阻止受精作用,且对精子、卵子不会造成负面影响。

他们认为,这两种化合物可以开发成紧急避孕药,在make love之前还是之后服用,亦或者研发出皮肤贴片或者阴道环实现永久性避孕。

精子进入卵细胞的动力

精子与卵细胞相遇、融合形成的受精卵的过程,被称为受精作用。首先,精子需要借助尾巴有节奏的摆动游过幽长的输卵管道,与卵细胞相遇。与卵细胞接触后的精子,其尾部会调整为鞭状运动,为精子穿过放射冠、透明带进入卵细胞提供动力。

这份动力的关键是一种钙离子通道——CatSper。当CatSper通道打开,钙离子会进入精子尾部,从而促进尾巴进入一种过度活跃的运动模式,即鞭状运动。

研究人员解释道:“钙离子大量涌入精子尾部,改变其运动模式,发生不对称弯曲。这种部队称弯曲会给精子足够的动力进入卵细胞。”

孕酮激素:动力的关键

2016年,Lishko团队发现,孕酮激素是打开钙离子通道、引发精子尾巴鞭状运动的关键。该激素会与ABHD2蛋白质结合,从而打开离子通道。随后,他们开始寻找同样能够与ABHD2蛋白结合的化合物,并验证它们是否能够打开通道或者封锁通道。

在发表于PNAS期刊上的这一篇最新研究中,Lishko团队检测了另外3种激素:睾丸激素、雌激素和皮质醇(一种应激激素)。这3种激素都会与孕酮竞争,阻止精子尾部鞭状运动。其中,只有睾丸激素和皮质醇在机体正常水平下能够发挥竞争作用。这表明,女性压力过大、睾酮水平高会在一定程度上阻止精子进入卵细胞,从而降低她们的受孕几率。

此外,她们找到了另外一种能够同样给予精子动力的激素:一种结构类似于孕激素的类固醇——硫化孕烯醇酮(pregnenolone sulfate)。

民间避孕植物中的“惊喜”



研究团队发现两种提取自雷公藤和芦荟等天然植物的化合物,能够防止精子过度活跃,从而阻止其顺利完成受精作用。她们认为,这两种化合物可以开发出潜在的紧急避孕药。(图片来源:Carin Cain, UC Berkeley)

Lishko团队翻阅记载有世界各地原住民曾使用过的天然避孕方法的书籍后,从天然植物中提到两种非甾体类化学物质。她们发现,这两种化合物具有类似于类固醇的功能:与ABHD2蛋白结合,封锁CatSper通道。

其中一种化合物是扁塑藤素(pristimerin),一种提取自雷公藤植物中的天然化合物。中国医药学中曾有将雷公藤叶子作为避孕药材的记载。但是,这种天然植物有很大的毒性。另一种化合物是羽扇豆醇(lupeol),存在于芒果、芦荟以及蒲公英的根中。科学家们多对它的抗癌效应感兴趣,但是它同样具备避孕功效。

Lishko团队发现,扁塑藤素、羽扇豆醇能够干扰孕酮激素与ADHD2蛋白结合,从而阻断精子进入卵细胞的动力。

“分子安全套”

Lishko 表示:“这些化合物不仅仅能够阻断钙离子通道的激活,也可以阻止精子的活跃运动,使其重回非活跃状态。这种机制并不会影响精子本身的生存能力,且对精子细胞无毒副作用。精子依然可以游动,只是没有足够的动力促使它们进入卵细胞而已。”

这两种来源于植物的化合物可以在非常低的剂量下实现避孕,比常用避孕药剂量低10倍。“如果我们可以使用植物性、无毒、无激素的化合物,在极低的剂量下实现避孕效果,那么它势必成为更好的选择。” Lishko强调道。她将这两种物质称为“分子安全套”。

精子一旦进入女性生殖系统,需要5-6个小时发育成熟。这一段时间足以然该药物进入系统阻止受精过程。

目前,他们团队正以灵长类动物为模型,验证这两种化合物阻止体外受精的效果。与此同时,考虑到从野生植物中提取化合物性价比太低,他们试图筛选出廉价的三萜类化合物。

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    2018-03-23 drwjr
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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicUw7yoAI4gptl6B3VGw6WZrBwAOwx2SfiafGGQAR5HcSI6IZVGvkthHYWlxfSGeSMz7KiablPqmJhCFP8wLMk7JFEkIFg7iaveU/0, createdBy=4bd02015384, createdName=医望无涯, createdTime=Wed May 24 17:05:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-25 Mr.Li先生

    长知识了,不错学习一下。。。

    0

  5. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicUw7yoAI4gptl6B3VGw6WZrBwAOwx2SfiafGGQAR5HcSI6IZVGvkthHYWlxfSGeSMz7KiablPqmJhCFP8wLMk7JFEkIFg7iaveU/0, createdBy=4bd02015384, createdName=医望无涯, createdTime=Wed May 24 17:05:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-25 130****4638

    学习了谢谢分享。

    0

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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicUw7yoAI4gptl6B3VGw6WZrBwAOwx2SfiafGGQAR5HcSI6IZVGvkthHYWlxfSGeSMz7KiablPqmJhCFP8wLMk7JFEkIFg7iaveU/0, createdBy=4bd02015384, createdName=医望无涯, createdTime=Wed May 24 17:05:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-25 sillywu

    很不要脸的又来赶超中医了。21世纪事中医的时代

    0

  7. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicUw7yoAI4gptl6B3VGw6WZrBwAOwx2SfiafGGQAR5HcSI6IZVGvkthHYWlxfSGeSMz7KiablPqmJhCFP8wLMk7JFEkIFg7iaveU/0, createdBy=4bd02015384, createdName=医望无涯, createdTime=Wed May 24 17:05:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-24 西风染林

    但是,这个和避孕套的功能有差异的,避孕套除了避孕这一功能之外,更多更多的是阻止病原微生物的传播,这是功不可没的地方。

    0

  8. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicUw7yoAI4gptl6B3VGw6WZrBwAOwx2SfiafGGQAR5HcSI6IZVGvkthHYWlxfSGeSMz7KiablPqmJhCFP8wLMk7JFEkIFg7iaveU/0, createdBy=4bd02015384, createdName=医望无涯, createdTime=Wed May 24 17:05:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-24 1e1b0e77m05(暂无匿称)

    有意思

    0

  9. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicUw7yoAI4gptl6B3VGw6WZrBwAOwx2SfiafGGQAR5HcSI6IZVGvkthHYWlxfSGeSMz7KiablPqmJhCFP8wLMk7JFEkIFg7iaveU/0, createdBy=4bd02015384, createdName=医望无涯, createdTime=Wed May 24 17:05:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-24 1e16d8a5m40(暂无匿称)

    学习了

    0

  10. 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createdName=wangyang7958, createdTime=Sat Feb 10 04:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1802418, encodeId=3f271802418be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=acfae485578' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#科学家发现#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74855, encryptionId=acfae485578, topicName=科学家发现)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e572480, createdName=旅苦化文_208, createdTime=Tue Dec 05 18:24:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=202514, encodeId=0341202514f6, content=长知识了,不错学习一下。。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Thu May 25 21:09:40 CST 2017, time=2017-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=202295, encodeId=d22d2022951d, content=学习了谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=00501987275, createdName=130****4638, createdTime=Thu May 25 07:06:17 CST 2017, time=2017-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=202234, encodeId=5cdd202234f3, content=很不要脸的又来赶超中医了。21世纪事中医的时代, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib260FNcic8ThYZTmbW36JHpvHcnIog7VbWIQjibo1kwuH9obXRJJtqHn1hYHHLG0DpIMIBVFPhBBpQOJWDk1rbib2Y/0, createdBy=d27274268, createdName=sillywu, createdTime=Thu May 25 05:26:42 CST 2017, time=2017-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=202093, encodeId=b3b42020937e, content=但是,这个和避孕套的功能有差异的,避孕套除了避孕这一功能之外,更多更多的是阻止病原微生物的传播,这是功不可没的地方。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160911/IMG57D51CE461BD24798.jpg, createdBy=91d61672802, createdName=西风染林, createdTime=Wed May 24 18:53:39 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=202072, encodeId=04d42020e28f, content=有意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLAVv1veDKlI7ISDgWM6lGCNl8WQ0dzGibseiaBhpxICLBMmoiaMuOBljYmFYwLUcKXiblicL4eJiauKEic2g/0, createdBy=ef751994234, createdName=1e1b0e77m05(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 24 17:43:27 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=202071, encodeId=d8612020e110, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211120/0a343dd652314c849f92187e706a0203/030af22773fe40d69835eedc02230010.jpg, createdBy=0a471975170, createdName=1e16d8a5m40(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 24 17:27:08 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=202066, encodeId=520f20206628, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicUw7yoAI4gptl6B3VGw6WZrBwAOwx2SfiafGGQAR5HcSI6IZVGvkthHYWlxfSGeSMz7KiablPqmJhCFP8wLMk7JFEkIFg7iaveU/0, createdBy=4bd02015384, createdName=医望无涯, createdTime=Wed May 24 17:05:23 CST 2017, time=2017-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-24 医望无涯

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