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牛人教你六步搞定文献综述

2016-09-17 Wiley中国 Wiley中国

文献综述通常是写文章、写书、写硕士或者博士论文时最令人气馁的部分。“文献综述”似乎(而且往往确实是)很宽泛宏观。我发现,尽量做到条理清晰是有助于完成这项庞大工程的关键。 Sonja Foss和William Walters在《Destination Dissertation: ATraveler's Guide to a Done Dissertation》一书中,展示了一种高效的文献综

文献综述通常是写文章、写书、写硕士或者博士论文时最令人气馁的部分。“文献综述”似乎(而且往往确实是)很宽泛宏观。我发现,尽量做到条理清晰是有助于完成这项庞大工程的关键。 

Sonja FossWilliam Walters在《Destination Dissertation: ATraveler's Guide to a Done Dissertation》一书中,展示了一种高效的文献综述撰写方法。他们的方法提供了为不同目标处理大量文献的指南,这些目标包括:博士论文、硕士论文以及任何领域的文章或书籍。以下是他们总结的几个步骤,逐一讲解文献综述的撰写方法。

1步:确定你的研究范围 

在开始检索文章和书籍之前,你要确定自己的研究范围,确保只获取这一范围里的文章和书籍,即便你碰到了其他领域里出色的文献。比如,我目前要做的文献综述,是要探讨非法移民身份的学生接受高等教育的障碍这一具体问题。

2步:检索文献

对研究范围内的书和文章进行广泛综合的检索。在线阅读摘要,下载并打印相关文章,并在图书馆借阅相关书籍。规划检索文献的过程,为其设置时间限制,这一过程不应该花费过长的时间。 

3步:在书籍和文章里找到相关文段

浏览每本书和每篇文章,找到这5点内容:

与你研究课题相关的主张、结论以及发现;

术语的定义;

对相关后续研究的建议;

现有文献的不足支持

与你研究观点上的分歧 

当你发现以上5点时,直接把相关文段摘录进word文档里。不要总结,因为总结比摘录更耗费时间,同时确保记下每一文段的作者和页码。你所累积阅读的每本书和每篇文章都需要采用这种浏览摘录的方式,当你完成后,就把摘录的文段打印出来。

4步:为文段编码

拿出剪刀,剪下每个文段,然后把相同主题的文段分到一起成为一类。找出每类的主题是什么,再把各个文段放入相关的主题文件夹里,确保每个文段都有所属的主题文件夹。如果有找不到所属的文段,可以先把它们放到一边,最后再检查一遍,看看是否需要新的分类。分类完成后,把每类文段分别放入各自的信封里,封面写上相应的主题。 

5步:构思框架

用大号字体输入每一个编好的主题名称,并将它们打印出来,再把每个主题剪成独立的纸条。在桌上或者其他大点的工作空间,找到组织它们的最佳方式。这些观点是相近的还是相悖的?你可以移动每个纸条的位置,直到找出合理的组织方式。趁你还没有遗忘,趁别人还没有清理掉你的纸条,赶紧记下你构思的框架。 

6步:开始写文献综述

你可以从构思的框架的任何一部分开始写作,因为你已经知道它的整体架构了。找到装有这部分文段的信封,把它们摆在面前的桌上。然后在这一主题内,把包含同样内容的文段放在一起,然后据此开始写文献综述。不要忘记加上引用文献的著录信息,以防之后找不到每一文段出自哪里。文献综述的每一部分都可以重复以上的方法。

一旦你完成这六步,你就完成了文献综述的初稿。这一过程的妙处在于,它将“文献综述”这个看上去让人望而却步的庞大工程分解为了简单易行的具体步骤。

我认为FossWalter的文献综述撰写方法尤其适用于博士论文,因为博士们通过研讨课学习和博士学位考试的准备过程已经进行了广泛的阅读。

这一方法对于硕士生来说可能更具有挑战性,除非你已经十分熟悉相关的文献了。了解自己需要精读多少文献、泛读多少文献,总是很难的。要达到这一平衡得取决于你已经了解了多少。

对于要为文章和书籍撰写文献综述的人来说,这一方法同样适用,尤其是当你已经熟悉该领域的时候。只要有套路可循,文献综述似乎也没有那么令人畏惧了,所以我就把这一方法推荐给那些深受文献综述困扰的人们。

作者:Tanya Golash-Boza(美国加州大学默塞德分校,社会学助理教授)

英文原文链接:https://hub.wiley.com/community/exchanges/discover/blog/2015/07/02/writing-a-literature-review-six-steps-to-get-you-from-start-to-finish?referrer=exchanges

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    2016-12-25 1e1c727em22(暂无匿称)

    很有用,,赞一个

    0

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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 08:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129778, encodeId=f8e2129e78cf, content=很好的内容,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ceb079804, createdName=lhl629, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 22:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129727, encodeId=ad7e129e27b4, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fb951732613, createdName=ly0428, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 21:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129674, encodeId=2e491296e4c4, content=必须好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJDLicbdiao8d0vymSicFv4hYM7xuBbl2k4kA5oxnVBXkmQzoFZOK07PnLKAS9KGeoxOIM3uBWN0ZQhA/132, createdBy=86ba1929521, createdName=tinali1986, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 18:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129673, encodeId=9f551296e3dc, content=好好学一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 17:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-27 童小孩

    学习了,很受益,谢谢分享,继续关注中!

    0

  4. 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createdBy=fb951732613, createdName=ly0428, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 21:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129674, encodeId=2e491296e4c4, content=必须好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJDLicbdiao8d0vymSicFv4hYM7xuBbl2k4kA5oxnVBXkmQzoFZOK07PnLKAS9KGeoxOIM3uBWN0ZQhA/132, createdBy=86ba1929521, createdName=tinali1986, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 18:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129673, encodeId=9f551296e3dc, content=好好学一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 17:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-19 为啥子

    学习了,说的很好

    0

  5. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 17:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-18 qixiaotong123

    可以试一下会不会更快

    0

  6. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 17:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-18 1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称)

    学习了,赞一个!!!

    0

  7. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 08:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129778, encodeId=f8e2129e78cf, content=很好的内容,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ceb079804, createdName=lhl629, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 22:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129727, encodeId=ad7e129e27b4, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fb951732613, createdName=ly0428, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 21:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129674, encodeId=2e491296e4c4, content=必须好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJDLicbdiao8d0vymSicFv4hYM7xuBbl2k4kA5oxnVBXkmQzoFZOK07PnLKAS9KGeoxOIM3uBWN0ZQhA/132, createdBy=86ba1929521, createdName=tinali1986, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 18:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129673, encodeId=9f551296e3dc, content=好好学一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 17:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-17 lhl629

    很好的内容,谢谢分享。

    0

  8. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 08:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129778, encodeId=f8e2129e78cf, content=很好的内容,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ceb079804, createdName=lhl629, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 22:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129727, encodeId=ad7e129e27b4, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fb951732613, createdName=ly0428, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 21:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129674, encodeId=2e491296e4c4, content=必须好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJDLicbdiao8d0vymSicFv4hYM7xuBbl2k4kA5oxnVBXkmQzoFZOK07PnLKAS9KGeoxOIM3uBWN0ZQhA/132, createdBy=86ba1929521, createdName=tinali1986, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 18:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129673, encodeId=9f551296e3dc, content=好好学一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 17:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-17 ly0428

    实用

    0

  9. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 17:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-17 tinali1986

    必须好好学习

    0

  10. 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createdName=为啥子, createdTime=Mon Sep 19 22:34:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130065, encodeId=411a13006516, content=可以试一下会不会更快, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3yqGyqlRsWYXXlASPpCvDxQIOj4U5ibyTGicNR5nTPxfE7J8CJLYEoTQiax0mdQk45PFsUH94hHxH18w/0, createdBy=96eb98305, createdName=qixiaotong123, createdTime=Sun Sep 18 11:15:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129919, encodeId=163b129919d4, content=学习了,赞一个!!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRuUXgacXpPeW0x8Z3Qr9c3I2kTic4ZIpR29iaftYgkjRcbv982icYMtqANBPYBgPnOia6mVtX76qMXuc/0, createdBy=ebe61630855, createdName=1dd8a7c5m95(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Sep 18 08:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129778, encodeId=f8e2129e78cf, content=很好的内容,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ceb079804, createdName=lhl629, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 22:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129727, encodeId=ad7e129e27b4, content=实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fb951732613, createdName=ly0428, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 21:27:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129674, encodeId=2e491296e4c4, content=必须好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJDLicbdiao8d0vymSicFv4hYM7xuBbl2k4kA5oxnVBXkmQzoFZOK07PnLKAS9KGeoxOIM3uBWN0ZQhA/132, createdBy=86ba1929521, createdName=tinali1986, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 18:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129673, encodeId=9f551296e3dc, content=好好学一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Sep 17 17:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-17 有备才能无患

    好好学一下

    0

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