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Expert Rev Respir Med:间质性肺疾病使用免疫抑制剂相关技巧

2014-06-12 佚名 dxy

免疫抑制在间质性肺疾病(ILD)治疗中有重要作用,其对某些ILD,如特发性肺纤维化(IPF)无效,对另一些则效果较好。同时,其可能带来的风险也很大,如:感染,糖尿病,骨质疏松,肌病,骨髓抑制,肝炎,泌尿道损伤,药物性肺炎等。本文将阐述在ILD中是否应使用免疫抑制治疗,怎样使用,怎样监测,以及怎样减少可能的副作用等。 使用免疫抑制剂治疗ILD的证据 在ILD中,常用的免疫抑制是激素和细胞毒性药物

免疫抑制在间质性肺疾病(ILD)治疗中有重要作用,其对某些ILD,如特发性肺纤维化(IPF)无效,对另一些则效果较好。同时,其可能带来的风险也很大,如:感染,糖尿病骨质疏松,肌病,骨髓抑制,肝炎,泌尿道损伤,药物性肺炎等。本文将阐述在ILD中是否应使用免疫抑制治疗,怎样使用,怎样监测,以及怎样减少可能的副作用等。

使用免疫抑制剂治疗ILD的证据

在ILD中,常用的免疫抑制是激素和细胞毒性药物。最近美国NIH研究结果显示,硫唑嘌呤联合乙酰半胱氨酸治疗IPF的死亡率和住院率均高于安慰剂和单用乙酰半胱氨酸组。但由于缺少足够有力的前瞻性、随机安慰剂对照双盲临床试验,所以很难评价某种免疫抑制剂在任何类型ILD中的安全性和有效性。

治疗风险

在治疗特殊的ILD前,许多免疫抑制剂的疗效都在风湿免疫性疾病中得到了验证。目前认为激素是ILD初始治疗的首选药物,其可能的副作用包括:糖尿病高血压,肌病,骨质疏松,肥胖,加速动脉硬化等。细胞毒性药物具有免疫调节作用,可用来减少激素用量,但也可能带来严重的不良反应。因此,选用时要根据不同的药物及其可能的副反应进行相应的检查。

如何监控

监控策略根据不同药物潜在毒性的不同而不同。一些预防性药物可能防止某些治疗相关的药物副作用:如复发新诺明能够预防肺孢子菌肺炎;服用叶酸可以减少甲氨蝶呤的毒性。定期化验和门诊随诊能够早期发现药物毒性反应。临床医生必须知道药物可能的副作用,而进行相应的检测。

联合治疗是否更有效

最近一项大样本风湿免疫性疾病所致的间质性肺炎(CTD-ILD)研究表明,即使对出现普通型间质性肺炎(UIP)的ILD,联合用药也能使患者受益。多种免疫抑制剂联合治疗,可能使进展性CTD-ILD患者受益,但是毒性反应的风险增加,必须密切监视。难治性IPF可能能受益于联合免疫抑制剂/免疫调节剂和抗纤维化药物治疗。

展望

ILD在遗传异常方面存在明显的个体差异,但是前瞻性,双盲,随机的III期临床试验忽略了这种差异,尽管某些免疫抑制剂可能对部分患者有效,但结论却是无效的。未来的研究重点应放在有希望的生物制剂和联合治疗上,改进的表型用于识别患者治疗的反应和特殊类型ILD患者的预后,特殊类型的ILD患者如IPF,结节病,CTD-ILD等,应该参加有前途的药物临床实验。

原始出处

Cypel M1, Keshavjee S.The clinical potential of ex vivo lung perfusion.Expert Rev Respir Med. 2012 Feb 

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    2014-12-11 jklm09
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