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Nature:别再说我内向了,这都是基因的错!

2017-07-15 佚名 学术经纬

人有内向外向之分,你很容易就能把他们区分开来。在人群里,你能从热切的眼神以及滔滔不绝的话语中,感受到外向者不断迸发出的能量。而内向者经常会避免眼神直接交流,似乎是更愿意躲在自己的小世界中。7月13日,发表在顶级学术期刊《自然》上的一篇研究彻底为内向者正了名——来自多所科研机构的研究人员共同发现,基因决定了我们看待世界的方式。

人有内向外向之分,你很容易就能把他们区分开来。在人群里,你能从热切的眼神以及滔滔不绝的话语中,感受到外向者不断迸发出的能量。而内向者经常会避免眼神直接交流,似乎是更愿意躲在自己的小世界中。在这个鼓励外向的时代,内向者往往承受了过多的压力,仿佛是他们不愿敞开心扉,拥抱这个世界。

7月13日,发表在顶级学术期刊《自然》上的一篇研究彻底为内向者正了名——来自多所科研机构的研究人员共同发现,基因决定了我们看待世界的方式。



这听起来有些不可思议。所有人都知道基因会影响人的方方面面,它决定了我们喝酒会不会脸红,也会影响罹患特定疾病的风险。但是,人的三观和性格更像是后天逐渐养成的,难道它们也难逃基因的控制?

至少,一项大型研究支持了这个说法。这支科研团队寻找到了338名1岁半到2岁之间的儿童,其中82名是同卵双胞胎(基因可近似视为完全一样),84名为非同卵双胞胎(大约50%的基因一样)。剩下的孩子中,有84名普通人(相互之间不是兄弟姐妹),以及88名自闭症儿童。这个实验的精妙之处在于,同卵双胞胎的存在可以明确指出基因在性格养成上的作用。此外,自闭症儿童也能提供额外的信息。


▲研究的影片均与儿童生活相关(图片来源:eurekalert)

征集到300多名儿童后,研究人员让他们观看一些和儿童生活场景有关的影片,譬如是一名女性(模仿母亲),堆满玩具的房间(模仿生活),或是儿童与儿童之间的互动(模仿社交)。随后,研究人员们用精准度处于顶尖水平的眼球追踪技术,来评估每名儿童在观看影片时,眼睛的移动规律。这包括:他们看的是人还是物体,先看人的眼睛还是其他部位,在每个部位上逗留多久,不同部位的观看顺序又是如何。随后,他们统计了以上几类儿童群体中,眼球的运动是否有规律可循。

结果让他们大吃一惊!尽管每名儿童都是在不同的时间单独观看影片,同卵双胞胎的眼球运动却出奇一致:同卵双胞胎其中一人的眼球运动数据,与另一人几乎完美符合。他们更有可能同时移动他们的眼睛,将眼睛移往同样的方向,盯住同样的事物,并看同样久的时间。两者之间的差异,最小只有0.017秒!


▲在人的眼睛与嘴巴这两大“认脸”的关键部位上,同卵双胞胎(蓝色)的眼球运动展现出了出奇的一致(图片来源:《自然》)

相反,非同卵双胞胎之间,则没有如此高的同步率。双胞胎眼球移动的一致性,也从同卵双胞胎的近乎100%,降低到了40%左右。

“这些数据表明,儿童的基因决定了他们如何看这个世界。孩子们看世界的方式决定了他们了解这个世界的方式——每半秒一次的眼球运动,会影响大脑发育。所以你能想象,这些效应会展现出怎样的结果,”该研究的主要负责人之一Warren Jones博士说道:“这改变了我们对儿童如何感知环境的理解,也改变了我们对影响这些感知的外力的理解。这些结果说明我们的遗传物质深刻广泛地影响到了我们。”

这些结果不但在实验中有着显着性,还伴随了孩子们的成长。在该研究的1年多后,研究人员再次做了同样的测试,而数据依旧显着——同卵双胞胎们的眼球运动轨迹依旧近乎完美地保持一致,而非同卵双胞胎则差异依旧明显。


▲自闭症儿童,也许仅仅是由于基因改变了他们看待世界的方式(图片来源:SheKnows)

而在自闭症儿童的数据中,研究人员看到了令人心痛的结果。正常儿童会花很多时间在人的眼睛或嘴巴上,这是识别人脸的基础。而自闭症儿童在这两个部位所花的时间少得可怜。长久以来,人们就发现自闭症与基因有着关联。这项全新的结果则表明,基因或许直接改变了自闭症儿童看待世界的方式,影响了他们的大脑发育。

“这个结果表明我们的观察结果非常稳定,”该研究的主要作者John N. Constantino博士说:“基因影响了儿童一生的体验。这项研究也为自闭症儿童创造了机会,有望让我们更早为他们提供所需的环境。”

总结来看,这项研究表明,基因决定了人们看待世界的方式,而这会影响每一个人的性格。我们相信,无论是外向还是内向,都是自然赋予我们的属性。在这个越发开放与宽容的时代,每一个内向者都能得到应有的尊重,享受应有的自由。



原始出处:

John N. Constantino,Stefanie Kennon-McGill,Claire Weichselbaum, et al. Infant viewing of social scenes is under genetic control and is atypical in autism. Nature (2017) doi:10.1038/nature22999.

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    2017-07-22 liye789132251
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    2017-07-15 任浩

    学习了

    0

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    2017-07-15 lovetcm

    基因只是众多因素之一

    0

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    2017-07-15 半夏微凉

    阅读了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-07-15 Julie W

    7月13日,发表在顶级学术期刊《自然》上的一篇研究彻底为内向者正了名——来自多所科研机构的研究人员共同发现,基因决定了我们看待世界的方式。

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    2017-07-15 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

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