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美国妇产科医师协会(ACOG) 发布乳腺癌治疗指南

2012-03-04 MedSci 爱唯医学网

美国妇产科医师协会(ACOG) 2月21日在线发布了有关正在接受或已经接受乳腺癌治疗者的妇科疾病诊治最新临床指南,并指出选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)可安全用于治疗部分乳腺癌女性患者的潮热症状,且不会增加乳腺癌治疗期间怀孕女性的疾病复发风险(Obstet. Gynecol. 2012;119:666-82)。 新指南引用了166篇已发表的文献证据,涵盖了化疗、激素治疗、放疗和手术治疗等

美国妇产科医师协会(ACOG) 2月21日在线发布了有关正在接受或已经接受乳腺癌治疗者的妇科疾病诊治最新临床指南,并指出选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)可安全用于治疗部分乳腺癌女性患者的潮热症状,且不会增加乳腺癌治疗期间怀孕女性的疾病复发风险(Obstet. Gynecol. 2012;119:666-82)。

新指南引用了166篇已发表的文献证据,涵盖了化疗、激素治疗、放疗和手术治疗等现有乳腺癌治疗方案可能出现的诸如血管收缩症状、阴道萎缩、避孕与生育、子宫评估等各种问题,以及治疗和预防骨丢失药物的应用情况。

对于潮热等血管收缩症状的治疗,该指南建议,鉴于激素治疗通常禁用于激素阳性乳腺癌患者,因此该类患者应使用SSRI、SNRI(5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂)或加巴喷丁。对于接受他莫昔芬治疗的患者,选择SNRI优于SSRI,因为前者可避免潜在的相互作用。随机临床试验表明,小剂量(75 mg)文拉法辛(SNRI)可明显缓解乳腺癌治疗患者潮热症状。用于控制乳腺癌患者神经病理性疼痛的抗惊厥药物加巴喷丁,小剂量时还有助于缓解血管收缩症状,改善睡眠质量。加巴喷丁同类药物普瑞巴林也具有与可乐定类似的有益作用。上述所有药物在美国均未获准用于潮热治疗。

指南建议,鉴于化疗药物、卵巢抑制剂以及芳香化酶抑制剂均可导致骨丢失并增加骨折风险,–2.0≤T值≤–1.5的患者应考虑双膦酸盐类药物治疗,并强烈建议T值< –2.0、10年主要骨折风险>20%、或10年髋骨骨折风险>3%的患者考虑该类药物治疗。唑来膦酸是双膦酸盐类药物中的最佳选择,虽然雷洛昔芬通常具有良好的耐受性,但存在血管收缩症状的不良反应。指南还建议,每年应对因药物治疗导致骨丢失风险发生明显变化的患者(例如,接受芳香化酶抑制剂治疗的绝经前女性) 进行监测,还应检测乳腺癌患者的维生素D水平。

多达40%的乳腺癌患者具有严重阴道干涩,但乳膏、栓剂和阴道环等常用局部激素用药的安全性尚未得到证实。该类患者应优先选择非激素类阴道润湿剂,如果非激素药物治疗失败可短期使用激素类药物。睾酮补充治疗(贴剂或乳膏)仍缺少足够的安全性数据支持。

适宜乳腺癌患者的避孕方法包括屏障方法、含铜宫内节育器和绝育手术,激素方法不适于乳腺癌患者,对于无癌生存≥5 年的女性甚至还具有风险。但左炔诺酮宫内释放系统或许是一个例外,因为左炔诺酮全身吸收很少。然而,目前有关该系统的长期乳腺癌风险尚缺乏全面研究,其使用只能视患者的具体情况而定。

新指南引用的一项最新Meta分析表明,乳腺癌患者在接受治疗期间妊娠并不增加乳腺癌复发或死亡风险(Eur. J. Cancer 2011;47:74-83)。但化疗对患者生育能力有所损害,他莫昔芬治疗5年可降低女性卵巢储备功能,因而许多育龄女性在接受治疗后妊娠困难,建议患者确诊时应咨询有关生育问题,以便提前做好准备。采用冷冻胚胎进行体外受精(IVF)是保存生育能力的最佳选择,然而,基于对卵巢刺激可导致乳腺癌细胞增殖的顾虑,部分医生建议患者宜采取自然周期(非刺激)IVF。指南还指出,目前尚不明确卵巢抑制剂是否具有生育能力保护作用。有关研究显示,他莫昔芬作为卵巢刺激剂有望用于乳腺癌治疗导致的生育能力受损的治疗。虽然芳香化酶抑制剂来曲唑不能用于绝经前乳腺癌患者的治疗,但可作为促生育药物与促性腺激素联用。 最后,对于接受他莫昔芬治疗但无阴道出血证据的绝经后患者,新指南不推荐其接受常规子宫内膜活检和子宫超声检查,因为超声检查与导致不必要的有创性诊断检查的假阳性率增加相关。但对于阴道出血患者,活检和后续可能的子宫结构异常检查等子宫内膜评估是必要的。

该指南主要作者、加州大学旧金山分校妇产与生殖科学系妇科肿瘤治疗中心主任Mindy E. Goldman博士指出,乳腺癌患者日益增多,乳腺癌治疗,尤其是激素治疗具有妇科副作用。妇产科医生应该了解这些药物的作用机理及其相关的妇科副作用。

指南撰写组成员报告无相关利益冲突。

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    2012-03-06 仁心济世

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