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Nature:科学家首次证实肠道细菌能显著影响B细胞发育

2013-08-22 koo bio360

日前,来自波士顿儿童医院(Boston Children’s Hospital)的研究人员发现,肠道细菌显著地影响了免疫系统的 B 淋巴细胞。尽管此前有研究证实,肠道细菌对于 T 淋巴细胞的影响,而这是研究人员首次证实微生物影响了肠道 B 细胞的早期发育。【原文下载】 刚出生时,免疫系统编程未成熟 B 细胞,通过将编码不同抗体元件的基因洗牌,使之生成能够对抗大量潜在致病抗原的抗体。这一洗

日前,来自波士顿儿童医院(Boston Children’s Hospital)的研究人员发现,肠道细菌显著地影响了免疫系统的 B 淋巴细胞。尽管此前有研究证实,肠道细菌对于 T 淋巴细胞的影响,而这是研究人员首次证实微生物影响了肠道 B 细胞的早期发育。【原文下载

刚出生时,免疫系统编程未成熟 B 细胞,通过将编码不同抗体元件的基因洗牌,使之生成能够对抗大量潜在致病抗原的抗体。这一洗牌的过程就称为 V(D)J 重组,它依赖于一个叫做 RAG 的因子,导致了大量的 B 细胞能够共同响应免疫系统未遭遇过的多种抗原。



V(D)J 重组编程每个 B 细胞,生成对抗一种抗原的单一抗体。由于这一洗牌过程是随机的,一些新生的 B 细胞会具有自反应受体。如果发生这种情况,细胞会继续这一由 RAG 介导的洗牌过程,即“编辑”(editing)过程,用非自反应受体取代自反应受体。

近期的一些 T 细胞研究证实,肠道微生物对于免疫系统造成了一系列的影响。

研究人员之所以关注肠道中的 B 细胞,是因为以往的数据表明某些 B 淋巴细胞起源于肠相关淋巴组织中经历过编辑的细胞。但研究人员没有预想到会发现,在肠道中发生的早期 B 细胞发育活动过程和抗体多样化。

通过测量 RAG 水平和 V(D)J 重组中间体,研究人员发现,在肠道粘膜固有层内的未成熟淋巴细胞正在积极地将抗体基因进行洗牌。事实上,肠道 B 细胞内的基因洗牌水平与在骨髓中发育的 B 细胞相似。这些结果与当前流行的小鼠和人类 B 细胞发育理论相反。

研究人员表示,绵羊、兔和鸡在肠道中形成它们的初级 B 细胞库。从前,只在人类和小鼠的骨髓中证实过初级抗体多样性;因此发现这一过程也存在于小鼠肠道中令他们感到非常惊讶。有可能在小鼠体内除了骨髓,肠道还充当了初级 B 细胞发育的另一个位点。基于这项最新小鼠研究,其他一些人还发现人类粘膜固有层中存在有未成熟 B 细胞,表明人体内也可能发生了肠道 B 细胞发育。

当研究小组更密切地观察,并检测来自肠道和骨髓两个位点的 B 细胞中的序列洗牌抗体基因时,他们看到肠道中的 B 细胞库多样性显著不同于骨髓。尽管洗牌的水平相同,但两个位点间的实际重排类型却存在显著差别。研究还显示至少一些 B 细胞库差异可能是由于肠道 B 细胞中的编辑所产生。

引人注目的是研究人员发现,来自断奶期年轻小鼠的未成熟 B 细胞,它们的基因洗牌数量根据小鼠体内寄居有正常肠道细菌,或是喂养在无菌环境内有显著的变化。相比于无菌小鼠,有正常肠道菌的小鼠显示更多的发育 B 细胞,这种情况存在于肠道、骨髓和脾脏中。

最后,研究人员总结道,这项研究表明肠道微生物不仅调控了T细胞的活性,还影响了 B 细胞的活性。

原始出处:

Duane R. Wesemann, Andrew J. Portuguese, Robin M. Meyers, Michael P. Gallagher, Kendra Cluff-Jones, Jennifer M. Magee, Rohit A. Panchakshari, Scott J. Rodig, Thomas B. Kepler& Frederick W. Alt. Microbial colonization influences early B-lineage development in the gut lamina propria. Nature, 21 August 2013; doi:10.1038/nature12496 【原文下载

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    2014-01-11 liye789132251
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    2013-08-24 neurowu
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