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病例分享:急性冠状动脉综合征致短QT间期致心室电风暴1例

2017-10-21 高燕男等 岭南心血管杂志

患者,男,47岁,突发心跳骤停,心肺复苏术后15 min入急诊科。不久后发生心室电风暴。

1 病例资料

患者,男,47岁,突发心跳骤停,心肺复苏术后15 min入急诊科。不久后发生心室电风暴(心电图见图1)。除颤均成功7次,除颤仪抓获的心电图见图2。

呼吸机辅助呼吸送入我科,查体:心率77次/min,血压155/74 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。患者平素体健、无胸痛、心悸、晕厥等不适发作,既往无原发性高血压高血压)、糖尿病等病史、无心脏性猝死家族史。入科急查K+3.47 mmol/L 、Ga2+1.91 mmol/L、Mg2+1.23 mmol/L;血气分析:PH=3.24、二氧化碳分压49.8 mmHg、氧分压122.6 mmHg;急性心肌损伤蛋白标志物:肌酸激酶(CK)816 IU/L、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)139 IU/L、血清肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)0.977ng/mL、过氧化物酶(MYO)2991 ng/mL、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)24.53 mg/L。经治疗撤除呼吸机后超声心动图示左心房内径39 mm、左心室舒张期末内径(LVEDD)48.2 mm、室间隔(IVS)14 mm、左心室后壁13.9 mm、左心 室节段性收缩运动异常,左心室射血分数(LVEF)43%。冠状动脉造影示左主干(LM)(-),左前降支(LAD)近端95%弥漫性长狭窄,左回旋支(LCX)近端98%狭窄,右冠状动脉(RCA)85%弥漫性长狭窄,远端前向血流心肌梗死溶栓试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)约Ⅱ级(图3)。

入院诊断冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病);急性冠状动脉综合征;三支血管病变。经纠酸、纠正电解质、极化液稳定心肌细胞膜等治疗后,患者的QT间期逐渐恢复正常。拟复查冠状动脉造影,鉴于家属的原因,未能复查明确QT间期恢复与冠状动脉缺血进展间的关系。






2 讨论

QT间期代表心室除极和复极的总时间,QT的测量是从Q波起点至T波终点,是心室电兴奋过程的标志,因考虑QT间期受心率影响,至目前为止有20个QT间期的校正公式,临床上最常用的仍是Bazett提出的QTc=QT/RR1/2和Fridericia提出的QTc=QT/RR1/3,但在心率较快和较慢时,误差较大。越来越多的研究表明,QT间期与昼夜节律、性别、年龄、食物摄入量、自主神经系统活动有关[1-3]。2009年美国心脏协会和美国心脏病学会、美国心律失常协会提出了QT间期的测量应选QT间期最长的导联,通常为V2~V3导联,并强调手工测量较准确,会议规定QT≤390 ms为短QT间期(无论男女),因此,本例患者入院心电图的短QT间期明确。

影响心室电兴奋过程的各种因素均可引起QT间期缩短。按有无明确发病原因分为继发性和特发性短QT间期。前者指由发热、高钙血症、高钾血症、洋地黄中毒、酸中毒、急性心肌损伤、心动过速及自主神经张力失衡等原因所致(高血钙时缩短2相,使ST段缩短消失,酸中毒缩短2相导致T波变窄,ST段几乎消失,高血钾时缩短3相,使T波高耸、变窄),也可见于一些运动员及早期复极综合征。特发性短QT间期指通过全面检查未能发现短QT间期原因者,也称为短QT综合征。

推广活结合本例患者心电图特点及心肌酶变化曲线,心肺复苏后数小时内回落,考虑患者在多支冠状动脉严重病变的基础上,因冠状动脉痉挛或斑块破裂出血或急性血栓事件,导致急性心肌缺血、坏死,局部电生理紊乱,引起恶性心律失常致心脏骤停继发短QT间期。

本例患者入院时存在低血钙、低血钾、酸中毒,笔者推测患者短QT间期主要为心搏呼吸骤停后出现酸中毒导致,新近发现酸中毒在QT间期缩短中起重要作用,急性心肌缺血损伤时易影响动作电位2相平台期,该期具有心率依赖性,存在多种离子流,受儿茶酚胺、细胞外钙离子浓度、心肌病变影响,是心肌细胞对各种因素最敏感的阶段[5],在内外因素作用下,使K+外流,Ga2+内流,静息跨膜电位降低,动作电位时程缩短,二相平台期缩短或消失,体表心电图表现为ST段缩短或消失,最终导致QT间期缩短。因QT间期缩短、心室肌有效不应期及动作电位时限不均一缩短,复极跨壁离散度增大、易形成折返,发生室性心动过速、心室颤动、心房颤动等恶性心律失常。

综上所述,患者短QT间期形成原因考虑与心肌缺血、酸中毒相关。临床上对有严重酸中毒或有严重冠状动脉病变患者应注意观察心电图的动态变化,如QT间期异常缩短,对于部分患者可能为室性心律失常的先兆,应引起临床医师的高度重视,对于QT间期在正常低限或低于正常者应及时纠正酸碱平衡及电解质紊乱。

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    2017-10-23 xinmeili
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1934988, encodeId=7a53193498801, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52e6e0190b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#电风暴#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70190, encryptionId=52e6e0190b0, topicName=电风暴)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0361487, createdName=花花1366, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 01:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1706833, encodeId=e8db1e068332e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=15bd30902cc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠状动脉综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30902, encryptionId=15bd30902cc, topicName=冠状动脉综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=345831322662, createdName=124985dbm16(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Jan 02 21:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1399449, encodeId=586c139944900, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=72d615003a5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#QT间期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15003, encryptionId=72d615003a5, topicName=QT间期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d8202208740, createdName=xinmeili, createdTime=Mon Oct 23 11:24:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1430988, encodeId=3fde1430988e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Mon Oct 23 11:24:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255041, encodeId=cf09255041c0, content=非常棒的内容呢.认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo61WAV0ROeLAoicPxPKoKaogwLWLL8STv86qplbdOibN2YR4KxkJicqNectCXGR8gPJhGLc7yYLSdnpx4kaVXndTfu/0, createdBy=a6962042337, createdName=1391e9f2a7m, createdTime=Sun Oct 22 08:15:58 CST 2017, time=2017-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255030, encodeId=69ad255030ca, content=很好很好很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/07/8c1e5a0085f3b74f3a4ab58a38a3d487.jpg, createdBy=b33e2159612, createdName=2227437833_79976374, createdTime=Sun Oct 22 07:53:27 CST 2017, time=2017-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1934988, encodeId=7a53193498801, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52e6e0190b0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#电风暴#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70190, encryptionId=52e6e0190b0, topicName=电风暴)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0361487, createdName=花花1366, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 01:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1706833, encodeId=e8db1e068332e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=15bd30902cc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#冠状动脉综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30902, encryptionId=15bd30902cc, topicName=冠状动脉综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=345831322662, createdName=124985dbm16(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue Jan 02 21:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-01-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1399449, encodeId=586c139944900, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=72d615003a5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#QT间期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15003, encryptionId=72d615003a5, topicName=QT间期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d8202208740, createdName=xinmeili, createdTime=Mon Oct 23 11:24:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1430988, encodeId=3fde1430988e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f9b9e9124a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#综合征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79124, encryptionId=f9b9e9124a8, topicName=综合征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Mon Oct 23 11:24:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255041, encodeId=cf09255041c0, content=非常棒的内容呢.认真学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo61WAV0ROeLAoicPxPKoKaogwLWLL8STv86qplbdOibN2YR4KxkJicqNectCXGR8gPJhGLc7yYLSdnpx4kaVXndTfu/0, createdBy=a6962042337, createdName=1391e9f2a7m, createdTime=Sun Oct 22 08:15:58 CST 2017, time=2017-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=255030, encodeId=69ad255030ca, content=很好很好很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/07/8c1e5a0085f3b74f3a4ab58a38a3d487.jpg, createdBy=b33e2159612, createdName=2227437833_79976374, createdTime=Sun Oct 22 07:53:27 CST 2017, time=2017-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-22 1391e9f2a7m

    非常棒的内容呢.认真学习

    0

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    2017-10-22 2227437833_79976374

    很好很好很好

    0

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