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Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med:诊断儿童肺炎 即时超声比听诊更准确

2012-12-18 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Arch Pediatr Adolesc

       《儿科学与青少年疾病文献集》在线发表了芒特西奈(位于纽约的医学中心)研究人员的一篇文章,名为“即时超声检查对儿童和年轻人肺炎诊断的评估前景”。文中指出即时超声检查比经典的听诊器听诊对诊断儿童和年轻人肺炎更为准确,甚至可以发现胸部X线片漏诊的轻微肺炎。          肺炎是全球儿童死

       《儿科学与青少年疾病文献集》在线发表了芒特西奈(位于纽约的医学中心)研究人员的一篇文章,名为“即时超声检查对儿童和年轻人肺炎诊断的评估前景”。文中指出即时超声检查比经典的听诊器听诊对诊断儿童和年轻人肺炎更为准确,甚至可以发现胸部X线片漏诊的轻微肺炎。

         肺炎是全球儿童死亡的首要原因,因此这些发现具有重要的公共卫生意义,特别是对于发展中国家而言。五岁以下的儿童每年有大约120万死于肺炎,这个数目超过了死于艾滋、疟疾和结核病的人数总和。

肺炎 床旁超声 听诊
听诊vs即时超声

         “世界卫生组织曾经估计世界上有四分之三的人群在诊断肺炎时没有应用任何影响技术,例如胸部X线片,特别是在发展中国家”,芒特西奈医学中心副教授、医学博士、急诊和儿科学会副会员James Tsung说,“许多使用了抗生素的儿童可能只有病毒感染,而不是肺炎。比起听诊器,便携的超声设备可以提供更为精确的诊断。”

         纽约大学医学院博士、芒特西奈医学中心的 Tsung医生研究了2008-2010年间,200个0到21岁的被送到贝尔维尤医学中心急诊部的可疑社区获得性肺炎病人,被纳入研究的条件还有病人要求了胸部X线检查。由临床医生Sonologists执行并解释超声检查,他在学习超声检查诊断肺炎之前接受了一个小时的密集培训。

         研究人员发现超声诊断肺炎有很高的特异性(97%),而且通过培训和经验积累可以达到92%的敏感性。而用听诊器诊断肺炎的精准性要低一些:特异性77-83%,敏感性24%。

         芒特西奈医学中心后期的数据分析显示,在48个已确诊为肺炎的患者中,超声可以检测出12个由于病灶小于1cm而不能被X线所诊断出的肺炎患者。

          Tsung医生及其同事注意到,在病人有哮鸣音或伴发哮喘和细支气管炎时,用听诊器诊断会变得更为困难。而这对于超声来说并不是问题。

       肺炎是影响到肺部的急性呼吸道感染的一种。肺由许多小肺泡组成,健康人呼吸时,小肺泡充满空气。当发生肺炎时,肺泡就会有脓液,使呼吸变得疼痛并阻碍氧气的摄取。
肺炎相关的拓展阅读:




Objective  
To determine the accuracy of point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children and young adults by a group of clinicians.
Design  
Prospective observational cohort study.
Setting  
Two urban emergency departments.
Participants  
Patients from birth to age 21 years undergoing chest radiography for suspected community-acquired pneumonia.
Intervention  
After documenting clinical examination findings, clinicians with 1 hour of focused training used ultrasonography to diagnose pneumonia in children and young adults.
Main Outcomes Measures  
Test performance characteristics for the ability of ultrasonography to diagnose pneumonia were determined using chest radiography as a reference standard. Subgroup analysis was performed in patients having lung consolidation exceeding 1 cm with sonographic air bronchograms detected on ultrasonography; specificity and positive likelihood ratio (LR) were calculated to account for lung consolidation of 1 cm or less with sonographic air bronchograms undetectable by chest radiography.
Results  
Two hundred patients were studied (median age, 3 years; interquartile range, 1-8 years); 56.0% were male, and the prevalence of pneumonia by chest radiography was 18.0%. Ultrasonography had an overall sensitivity of 86% (95% CI, 71%-94%), specificity of 89% (95% CI, 83%-93%), positive LR of 7.8 (95% CI, 5.0-12.4), and negative LR of 0.2 (95% CI, 0.1-0.4) for diagnosing pneumonia by visualizing lung consolidation with sonographic air bronchograms. In subgroup analysis of 187 patients having lung consolidation exceeding 1 cm, ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 86% (95% CI, 71%-94%), specificity of 97% (95% CI, 93%-99%), positive LR of 28.2 (95% CI, 11.8-67.6) and negative LR of 0.1 (95% CI, 0.1-0.3) for diagnosing pneumonia.
Conclusion  
Clinicians are able to diagnose pneumonia in children and young adults using point-of-care ultrasonography, with high specificity.

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