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Nature:特殊脂肪酸!让“矮又胖”的线虫寿命更长

2017-04-07 佚名 生物探索

4 月 5 日,来自斯坦福大学和哈佛陈曾熙公共卫生学院一个科学家小组在 Nature 杂志上发表了题为“Mono-unsaturated fatty acids link H3K4me3 modifiers to C. elegans lifespan”的论文。研究发现,与更“苗条”的线虫相比,矮而胖的(Pudgy)线虫储存了一种特定类型的脂肪,从而让它们活得更久。更让人惊喜的是,科学家们发现

4 月 5 日,来自斯坦福大学和哈佛陈曾熙公共卫生学院一个科学家小组在 Nature 杂志上发表了题为“Mono-unsaturated fatty acids link H3K4me3 modifiers to C. elegans lifespan”的论文。研究发现,与更“苗条”的线虫相比,矮而胖的(Pudgy)线虫储存了一种特定类型的脂肪,从而让它们活得更久。

更让人惊喜的是,科学家们发现,通过给线虫喂以单不饱和脂肪酸就能够引发这种特殊类型脂肪的积累以及随之而来的寿命延长。

惊人发现



该研究的通讯作者 Anne Brunet 博士说:“我们已经知道代谢变化能够影响寿命很长时间了。但是,我们的预期是,在我们的研究中,活得久的动物应该是更瘦的。但是事实上却是相反的:活得久的动物更胖。这相当令人惊讶。”

研究动机

事实上,科学家们开始研究的初衷是探索表观遗传学。他们希望调查表观遗传蛋白复合物(epigenetic protein complexes,EPC)如何与线虫的代谢变化互相作用,从而影响它们的寿命。Brunet 解释道:“众所周知,EPC 和代谢途径都影响着很多动物的寿命,但是直到现在,我们依然不知道这背后的原因,以及是否这两个过程在某种方式上有着关联。”



发现过程

在这一研究中,科学家们调查了阻断蛋白质复合物 COMPASS 的活性对线虫代谢的影响。据了解,COMPASS 与组蛋白的甲基化修饰有关。甲基标记的存在与否影响着 DNA 的松紧状态,从而影响着基因表达。

Brunet 实验室的研究人员先前曾发现,COMPASS 活性不足的线虫比它们的同伴寿命长约 30%。这是为什么呢?

Brunet 说:“我们认为,这种由 COMPASS 造成的表观遗传修饰可能模仿了饮食限制。因此,我们开始调查 COMPASS 活性被阻断的线虫的代谢和脂肪组成。”

研究发现,缺乏功能性 COMPASS 复合物的线虫不仅比同伴活得更久,还会在它们的肠道积累脂肪。结合气相色谱和质谱分析发现,积累的脂肪主要是一种特定的类型——单不饱和脂肪酸。

随后,研究人员发现,抑制生殖系组织(germline tissue)中的 COMPASS 活性从某种程度上造成了一些特定酶表达增加。这些酶的作用是在动物肠道中将多不饱和脂肪转化为单不饱和脂肪。

Brunet 说:“接下来,我们想知道,是否这种单不饱和脂肪的积累对寿命是重要的。所以,我们直接给线虫分别喂食了单不饱和脂肪和多不饱和脂肪。”结果发现,即便当 COMPASS 没有突变时,单不饱和脂肪也能够在线虫肠道中积累,并延长它们的寿命。相比之下,多不饱和脂肪没有起到同样的效果。

下步计划

科学家们认为,虽然生殖系组织和肠道组织之间建立“交流”的方法仍在调查中,但是这一发现是有趣的。人类食用富含单不饱和脂肪的饮食已被证明能够降低心脏病和糖尿病的风险。此外,一些研究表明,百岁老人(centenarians)比非百岁老人储存的单不饱和脂肪更多。

现在,研究人员正常努力弄明白单不饱和脂肪积累究竟是如何导致寿命延长的。一些可能性包括单不饱和脂肪可能帮助保护脂质膜(起到保护细胞的作用)的流动性等。由于很多物种共享着相似的脂肪代谢模式,因此,研究人员认为,这一发现有望延伸到其它动物,包括人类中。

另 1 篇 Nature



小编注意到,上述新研究的共同作者 William B. Mair 曾在去年 12 月 5 日以通讯作者的身份同样在 Nature 杂志上发表了一项重要成果。研究小组首次在线虫中揭示了 RNA 剪接(RNA splicing)功能与长寿之间的关联。这一研究结果阐明了剪接在寿命中的生物学作用,且表明了在人类中操作特定的剪接因子有望帮助促进健康老龄化。

由于线虫的细胞是透明的,因此,科学家们可利用荧光基因工具实时可视化衰老过程中单基因的剪接。研究中,科学家们不仅观察到了群体水平的变化(5 天后,一些线虫表现了年轻的剪接模式,而另一些表现出了过早老化的迹象),还能够利用剪接的差异预测线虫个体的寿命,早于任何衰老的明显迹象。

当研究小组利用饮食限制处理线虫,延长它们的寿命后发现,线虫在它们的生命中维持了年轻的剪接模式。重要的是,这一现象并不局限于一个基因。此外,研究人员还鉴定出了连接剪接与衰老的关键分子——剪接因子 1(splicing factor 1,SFA-1)。SFA- 1 同时存在于线虫和人类中。研究证实,这一因子在衰老相关通路中发挥了关键的作用。SFA- 1 过表达足以延长寿命。

原始出处:

1. Han S, Schroeder EA, Silva-García CG, et al. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids link H3K4me3 modifiers to C. elegans lifespan. Nature. 2017 Apr 5.

2. Heintz C, Doktor TK, Lanjuin A, et al. Splicing factor 1 modulates dietary restriction and TORC1 pathway longevity in C. elegans. Nature. 2017 Jan 5.

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    2017-12-21 liye789132251
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    2017-04-09 zblhy
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    2017-04-09 tofsw

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-04-08 cqykthl

    science不愧是全球核心期刊

    0

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    2017-04-08 tofsw

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-04-08 刘煜

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-04-08 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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