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人类大脑对截去的四肢存有记忆,那换头之后呢?

2016-10-08 叶子 DeepTech深科技

大脑对截去的四肢存有记忆?是的,你没看错,截肢患者有时会出现幻觉,以为被截去的肢体还存在,并且似乎还能感觉到它传来的疼痛等,这就是“幻肢感”。 一项最新的研究成果显示,在截肢患者的大脑成像中,还保留着对被解除肢体的影像,这也许就是“幻肢感”的成因。 “第三只手”并不存在 “幻肢感”总会让截肢患者产生一种错觉,即被截去的肢体仿佛还存在。有神论者会认为这是灵魂

大脑对截去的四肢存有记忆?是的,你没看错,截肢患者有时会出现幻觉,以为被截去的肢体还存在,并且似乎还能感觉到它传来的疼痛等,这就是“幻肢感”。

一项最新的研究成果显示,在截肢患者的大脑成像中,还保留着对被解除肢体的影像,这也许就是“幻肢感”的成因。


“第三只手”并不存在

“幻肢感”总会让截肢患者产生一种错觉,即被截去的肢体仿佛还存在。有神论者会认为这是灵魂的感应。不过早在16世纪,法国外科医生Ambroise Pare就注意到了幻肢的存在。美国神经科学家S·拉马钱德兰(S. Ramachandran)也曾揭开“幻肢之谜”。所以,上帝的“第三只手”其实并不存在。

以往的研究表明,移动截肢患者的被截肢体部位可以使患者的大脑产生活跃反应,但很难解释产生这种反应的原因。

牛津大学的Sanne Kikkert和她的同事从大脑成像的角度探究了更深层次的幻肢原理。她们分析,截肢患者大脑成像的结果发现,在截肢患者的大脑中还保存着被截去肢体的清晰影像,这一影像甚至详细到手指。在失去被截肢体十几年后,大脑中依然保留着这一肢体的清晰影像。

研究人员还发现,截肢患者通过“幻肢感”不仅能感知并且还可以“控制”被截肢体。当要求截肢患者单独移动被截手指部位时,被截手指的影像清晰的出现在患者大脑的扫描结果中。同时Kikkert等选择的是左手截肢25~30年之久的患者,通过对比研究发现,被截的左手在大脑中还存在与右手类似的影像。


脑成像结果显示,截肢患者的大脑中保留着对每根手指的影像,与正常大脑(上部图片)相比,截肢患者大脑中(下部图片)对截肢部位的成像与正常大脑相似(图片来源:eLife)

大脑体感皮层重组刷或重塑“体感小人”


在神经科学领域,有一个著名的“小人”即“体感小人”,它是指大脑躯体感觉皮层与身体的对应关系。在体感皮层中,不同区域控制着不同的躯体或者肢体,不同的躯体或者肢体在大脑的体感皮层中也都占有一席之地。

以往研究认为,当截肢患者失去某一肢体后,其大脑体感皮层中,这一肢体对应的区域会逐渐被相邻的区域所侵占,大脑体感皮层会发生重组。大量的动物实验证实了大脑重组的假设,2013年牛津大学Tamar Makin等人也在人体中验证得到了类似的现象。

但新的研究结果,也许会颠覆这一理念。在Kikkert研究结果中,肢体被截除后虽然也在患者大脑中显示了出了相邻肢体有“鸠占鹊巢”的倾向,但大脑在重组的同时,也尽力兼顾保留着对被截肢体的影像。

这听起来让人难以置信,所以Kikkert说,这一新发现,会重新引发对大脑内部“领土入侵”的讨论。


Sergio Canavero和他的换头构想

这项有意思的发现也许会推动“神经义肢技术”的快速发展,为残疾人士谋福。但意大利神经外科专家赛吉尔·卡纳维洛(Sergio Canavero)可能会非常不爽,他的“换头术”在去年就一直处于舆论的漩涡。

如果Kikkert等人的研究结果被进一步证实,那换头后,大脑到底控制的是哪个身子?大脑会不会陷入深深地迷茫,不可自拔?(生物谷Bioon.com)

参考文献:

[1] https://theconversation.com/study-reveals-why-the-brain-cant-forget-amputated-limbs-even-decades-later-64693

[2] Sanne Kikkert, James Kolasinski,Saad Jbabdi, et al. Revealing the neural fingerprints of a missing hand[J].eLife, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15292


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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157870, encodeId=298f15e87033, content=这个问题不仅仅是技术问题,更涉及到伦理等复杂问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ce01436724, createdName=zhugenying2008, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 14:35:19 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150938, encodeId=bb0a150938cb, content=这个可能性比较小, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151226/IMG567EB873985DE3928.jpg, createdBy=ea941622301, createdName=inter158, createdTime=Mon Oct 24 23:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142280, encodeId=0a0f142280ed, content=继续关注!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:37 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142279, encodeId=a1191422e933, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:31 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142188, encodeId=3d951421884d, content=神经义肢,残存的控制欲, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb571956164, createdName=187清风, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 22:01:30 CST 2016, time=2016-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-24 zhugenying2008

    这个问题不仅仅是技术问题,更涉及到伦理等复杂问题

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157870, encodeId=298f15e87033, content=这个问题不仅仅是技术问题,更涉及到伦理等复杂问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ce01436724, createdName=zhugenying2008, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 14:35:19 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150938, encodeId=bb0a150938cb, content=这个可能性比较小, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151226/IMG567EB873985DE3928.jpg, createdBy=ea941622301, createdName=inter158, createdTime=Mon Oct 24 23:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142280, encodeId=0a0f142280ed, content=继续关注!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:37 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142279, encodeId=a1191422e933, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:31 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142188, encodeId=3d951421884d, content=神经义肢,残存的控制欲, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb571956164, createdName=187清风, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 22:01:30 CST 2016, time=2016-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-24 inter158

    这个可能性比较小

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157870, encodeId=298f15e87033, content=这个问题不仅仅是技术问题,更涉及到伦理等复杂问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ce01436724, createdName=zhugenying2008, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 14:35:19 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150938, encodeId=bb0a150938cb, content=这个可能性比较小, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151226/IMG567EB873985DE3928.jpg, createdBy=ea941622301, createdName=inter158, createdTime=Mon Oct 24 23:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142280, encodeId=0a0f142280ed, content=继续关注!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:37 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142279, encodeId=a1191422e933, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:31 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142188, encodeId=3d951421884d, content=神经义肢,残存的控制欲, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb571956164, createdName=187清风, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 22:01:30 CST 2016, time=2016-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-09 知难而进

    继续关注!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157870, encodeId=298f15e87033, content=这个问题不仅仅是技术问题,更涉及到伦理等复杂问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ce01436724, createdName=zhugenying2008, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 14:35:19 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150938, encodeId=bb0a150938cb, content=这个可能性比较小, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151226/IMG567EB873985DE3928.jpg, createdBy=ea941622301, createdName=inter158, createdTime=Mon Oct 24 23:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142280, encodeId=0a0f142280ed, content=继续关注!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:37 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142279, encodeId=a1191422e933, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:31 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142188, encodeId=3d951421884d, content=神经义肢,残存的控制欲, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb571956164, createdName=187清风, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 22:01:30 CST 2016, time=2016-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-09 知难而进

    谢谢分享!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157870, encodeId=298f15e87033, content=这个问题不仅仅是技术问题,更涉及到伦理等复杂问题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2ce01436724, createdName=zhugenying2008, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 14:35:19 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=150938, encodeId=bb0a150938cb, content=这个可能性比较小, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151226/IMG567EB873985DE3928.jpg, createdBy=ea941622301, createdName=inter158, createdTime=Mon Oct 24 23:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142280, encodeId=0a0f142280ed, content=继续关注!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:37 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142279, encodeId=a1191422e933, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Sun Oct 09 00:25:31 CST 2016, time=2016-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=142188, encodeId=3d951421884d, content=神经义肢,残存的控制欲, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cb571956164, createdName=187清风, createdTime=Sat Oct 08 22:01:30 CST 2016, time=2016-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-08 187清风

    神经义肢,残存的控制欲

    0

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