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Nature:细菌利用CRISPR/Cas系统躲避宿主免疫系统

2013-05-06 生物无忧 生物无忧

成簇的规律间隔性短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat sequences, CRISPR)是细菌用来抵抗病毒的一种基因系统.在一项新的研究中,来自美国埃默里大学的研究人员发现CRISPR参与协助一些细菌躲避哺乳动物免疫系统.相关研究结果于2013年4月14日在线发表在Nature期刊上 细菌利用CRISP

成簇的规律间隔性短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat sequences, CRISPR)是细菌用来抵抗病毒的一种基因系统.在一项新的研究中,来自美国埃默里大学的研究人员发现CRISPR参与协助一些细菌躲避哺乳动物免疫系统.相关研究结果于2013年4月14日在线发表在Nature期刊上

细菌利用CRISPR进行自我保护.它的功能最初是由乳制品行业研究人员试图阻止噬菌体(感染细菌的病毒)毁坏用来制造奶酪和酸奶的细菌培养物的过程中发现的.细菌将来自噬菌体的小片段DNA整入到它们自身的CRISPR区域,并且通过摄入噬菌体的DNA所获得信息来阻止这些病毒的入侵.

如今,在这项新的研究中,研究人员证实与一种导致兔热病的细菌和另一种导致脑膜炎的细菌亲缘关系较近的新凶手弗朗西丝菌(Francisella novicida, 简称F. novicida)需要CRISPR系统的一部分来维持传染性.在哺乳动物细胞内生长的细菌F. novicida利用CRISPR系统的一部分关闭一种细菌基因从而逃避它们的宿主利用这种基因触发的检测和破坏.

在此之前,科学家们已发现功能丧失的CRISPR系统产生一种功能减弱的细菌菌株,从而使得免疫系统更容易识别到它.这一发现可能加快疫苗开发.但是这项新的研究也提示着在生物学中,防御性工具能够被用于躲避.

论文通信作者、埃默里大学医学院医学助理教授David Weiss博士说,"CRISPR系统是细菌的防御系统,但是我们发现细菌能够主动地利用它躲避宿主免疫系统的识别,从而导致疾病."

科学家们最近因CRISPR系统能够被潜在地用于基因工程和生物技术而对它产生极大的兴趣,但是它在基因调节和躲避宿主免疫反应中所起的作用相对而言还是未知的.

当初作为一名博士后与斯坦福大学教授Denise Monack一起开展研究时,Weiss首先分离出CRISPR系统存在缺陷的F. novicida菌株. F. novicida感染啮齿类动物,而且只有在罕见的情况下才感染人类.它是研究更为危险的土拉热弗朗西丝菌(Francisella tularensis, F. tularensis)的模型,其中F. tularensiss是一种潜在的生物武器.在此之前,Weiss一直在F. novicida内寻找在它导致活的动物患病中发挥重要作用的基因.

有趣的是,他发现了一个最近已被证实编码CRISPR系统中一种蛋白组分的DNA序列.但是在F. novicida感染期间,这个序列在其中发挥何种作用依然是一个谜.

Weiss说,"基因突变在细菌中发挥着较强的影响.野生型F. novicida菌株能够杀死小鼠,但是它的突变体菌株在小鼠体内几天之后会被清除.但是为何这些细菌需要抵抗外源DNA才能导致小鼠患病?这说不通."

在当前这项研究中,研究人员发现当F. novicida感染哺乳动物细胞时,它们需要CRISPR系统中的一个基因来关闭一种脂蛋白(细菌细胞膜上的一部分)的产生.这种脂蛋白能够激活哺乳动物免疫细胞.因此,这种细菌为了继续存活下去且不被免疫系统检测到,它们不得不阻止脂肪白产生.

作为论文第一作者的研究生Tim Sampson与Weiss,一起仔细分析了CRISPR系统中的哪一部分是关闭这种脂蛋白所必需的.这种CRISPR系统是由几个蛋白编码基因组成的,而且也将来自噬菌体的小片段DNA作为重复序列整合进这种细菌的DNA中.由这种重复序列产生的RNA指导酶Cas9将噬菌体DNA切割成碎片.

Sampson和Weiss发现F. novicida的CRISPR系统中的一部分产生一个指导Cas9抑制这种脂蛋白基因的RNA.Weiss说,这种Cas9调节性系统允许F. novicida检测到威胁时有效地降低这种脂蛋白的表达,同时当在宿主体外时,它们将恢复这种基因的活性以便发挥它的功能.

为了证实这种研究结果并不是F. novicida所特有的,研究人员与埃默里大学医学助理教授Yih-Ling Tzeng博士的研究团队合作而获得了Cas9基因发生缺失的脑膜炎双球菌(Neisseria meningitidis, 能够导致人感染上脑膜炎)突变体菌株.这种突变体菌株在附着、侵入人细胞以及在这些细胞内进行复制的能力上存在缺陷.这就提示着Cas9和CRISPR的类似功能可能也在其他细菌中发现到.

Sampson说,"大多数编码Cas9的细菌要么是致病性的,要么就是在人体内经常发现到.我认为我们的发现将促进其他科学家们重新研究其他细菌中Cas9和CRISPR的功能继而研究它们与宿主的相互作用."

比如,一些链球菌和李斯特菌具有类似的CRISPR系统,但是科学家们目前还没有发现这一系统在这些细菌导致人类患病的过程中存在着任何潜在的作用.Weiss和Sampson计划进一步研究Cas9如何发挥作用而关闭中F. novicida的脂蛋白基因和Cas9是如何被激活的.

A CRISPR/Cas system mediates bacterial innate immune evasion and virulence

CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated) systems are a bacterial defence against invading foreign nucleic acids derived from bacteriophages or exogenous plasmids1, 2, 3, 4. These systems use an array of small CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) consisting of repetitive sequences flanking unique spacers to recognize their targets, and conserved Cas proteins to mediate target degradation5, 6, 7, 8. Recent studies have suggested that these systems may have broader functions in bacterial physiology, and it is unknown if they regulate expression of endogenous genes9, 10. Here we demonstrate that the Cas protein Cas9 of Francisella novicida uses a unique, small, CRISPR/Cas-associated RNA (scaRNA) to repress an endogenous transcript encoding a bacterial lipoprotein. As bacterial lipoproteins trigger a proinflammatory innate immune response aimed at combating pathogens11, 12, CRISPR/Cas-mediated repression of bacterial lipoprotein expression is critical for F. novicida to dampen this host response and promote virulence. Because Cas9 proteins are highly enriched in pathogenic and commensal bacteria, our work indicates that CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene regulation may broadly contribute to the regulation of endogenous bacterial genes, particularly during the interaction of such bacteria with eukaryotic hosts.

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    2013-07-01 liye789132251
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    2013-05-08 yuandd
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    2013-05-08 wincls
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    2013-05-08 yaanren

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