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推荐分享:溺水,如何正确施救?

2016-06-24 急诊夜鹰 急诊夜鹰

溺水是常见生活意外事件,每年淹溺死者众多。然而很多公众却不知如何施救,即使是一些医护人员也对其中的关键步骤存在错误认识,各类媒体上也有不少急救专家在传播着错误的急救方法。去年,夜鹰在微博、微信、报刊、杂志上对溺水急救做了诸多科普宣传,有篇关于溺水急救微博文章经姚晨等微博大号转发后曾达到500万阅读量。然而,羊年伊始,又看到一份颇具影响力的晚报刊载了错误的溺水急救知识,看到文章里熟悉的记者和医学指导

溺水是常见生活意外事件,每年淹溺死者众多。然而很多公众却不知如何施救,即使是一些医护人员也对其中的关键步骤存在错误认识,各类媒体上也有不少急救专家在传播着错误的急救方法。去年,夜鹰在微博、微信、报刊、杂志上对溺水急救做了诸多科普宣传,有篇关于溺水急救微博文章经姚晨等微博大号转发后曾达到500万阅读量。

然而,羊年伊始,又看到一份颇具影响力的晚报刊载了错误的溺水急救知识,看到文章里熟悉的记者和医学指导专家,夜鹰无语。

急救需要反复讲才可能大面积普及并共识,借助自己的小平台再次普及靠谱的溺水急救知识。

一、溺水概念:被水淹没导致原发性呼吸系统损伤的过程。

二、溺水过程大致分1屏气期、2喉痉挛期、3水入呼吸道期、4心脏骤停。心脏骤停也可发生在喉痉挛期或水入呼吸道期。

三、溺水救援:首先确保施救者自身安全,尽量利用绳索、救生设施进行岸上救援;团体救援优于单兵作战。会游泳不代表会水中救援,水中救援需专门训练。

四:溺水者被救上岸后的状态与急救措施:

1. 清醒,有呼吸有脉搏:呼叫120,陪伴,保暖,等待救援人员或送医院观察。

2 .昏迷(呼叫无反应),有呼吸有脉搏:呼叫120,清理口鼻异物,稳定侧卧位,等待救援人员。密切观察呼吸脉搏情况,必要时心肺复苏。

3. 昏迷,无呼吸有脉搏:类似“假死”状态,患者喉痉挛,无呼吸,脉搏微弱濒临停止,此时仅仅给予开放气道、人工呼吸,脉搏心跳即可迅速增强。恢复呼吸后,可侧卧位,等待救援人员。

4. 昏迷,无呼吸无脉搏:即刻清理口鼻异物,开放气道(Airway)、人工呼吸(Breathing)、胸外按压(Compression),即采用传统的A-B-C心肺复苏急救顺序。切记同时呼叫120,并持续复苏至患者呼吸脉搏恢复或急救人员到达。



五:溺水者心脏骤停,C-A-B还是A-B-C?

2010年心肺复苏指南最重要的更新是将复苏的急救顺序从A-B-C改为C-A-B,甚至提倡单纯胸外按压,而为何在溺水心脏骤停者却推荐A-B-C呢?

根本原因在于溺水是窒息缺氧性心脏骤停,供氧是首要目标,因而采用A-B-C顺序急救。

而在院外心脏骤停人群中大部分是心源性心脏骤停,患者心脏骤停前体内尚有充足氧合,部分甚至存在濒死喘息也能提供部分通气氧合,此时维持基本循环供给大脑血供是首要目标,因此采用C-A-B急救顺序。

单纯胸外按压理念的提出正是基于以上心源性心脏骤停的病理生理过程,因此单纯胸外按压不适用于溺水心脏骤停者。这些在2010年心肺复苏指南中有专门论述。

六:溺水者复苏,人工呼吸很关键

由于溺水的根本机制是缺氧,最新的关于溺水的循证医学推荐是先进行5次人工呼吸,再进行胸外按压30次,随后2次人工呼吸,继之30次胸外按压,随后重复2:30循环。不但首先给予人工呼吸,而且将最初的2次人工呼吸增加到5次人工呼吸,目的也是为了在第一时间提供给患者充足的氧合。(新英格兰医学杂志 N Engl J Med 2012; 366:2102-2110

七:关于控水法的认识

控水法由来已久,花样繁多如牛背马背颠簸、倒挂在树上,腹部冲击......,其源于人们早期对溺水急救的探索过程。随着现代心肺复苏的人工呼吸、胸外按压、电除颤三大技术的建立,控水法早已被摒弃。现在循证医学已经明确,控水拖延复苏,加重误吸,明显增加死亡率。指南明确指出,没有证据表明水能成为阻塞气道的异物,不要浪费时间用腹部或胸部冲击法来控水。


从溺水的损害过程我们也能看到,对于清醒的溺水者或者昏迷但是呼吸脉搏尚存者,其溺水时间比较短,肺内根本未吸入水或者仅吸入很少水,完全没必要控水。控水过程导致胃内容物排出,反而增加了误吸风险,有害无益。而对于溺水心脏骤停者,控水造成心肺复苏延误,同样增加误吸,增加死亡率。

实际上,无论哪种控水方式,控水法基本控出的是胃内容物和胃内水,肺内的水很难控出来。反而是在心肺复苏的过程中,肺内水会吸收入循环,从而改善肺氧合能力。

总之,任何形式的控水法都是陈旧的、无用的、有害的。

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    2016-08-17 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

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    2016-08-17 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注

    0

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    2016-08-17 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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    2016-06-28 zybear

    注意安全,学会自保

    0

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    2016-06-27 oo902

    长知识了,溺水原来是这么回事

    0

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    2016-06-27 wei834766788

    学会游泳才更有保证

    0

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    2016-06-24 lovetcm

    科普知识非常重要,农村里面有大量的溺水者尤其是夏天对于中小学生来说更是如此非常危险

    0

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