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Eur Spine J:激光汽化减压术后腰椎间盘髓核可再生

2014-06-17 伊文 丁香园

腰椎间盘突出症是引起腰腿痛的最常见原因,症状轻者可以采用保守疗法,严重病例必须采取手术治疗。手术方法包括开放手术和微创手术二大类。长期以来,用开窗法和半椎板切除法摘除髓核组织治疗腰椎间盘突出症可获得良好的疗效,但存在着创伤大、住院时间长、有可能产生脊柱不稳等缺点。只因为如此,医学界长期以来都在致力于探索治疗椎间盘突出症的微创方法。 半导体激光汽化减压术治疗腰椎间盘突出症,是继化学溶解术、

腰椎间盘突出症是引起腰腿痛的最常见原因,症状轻者可以采用保守疗法,严重病例必须采取手术治疗。手术方法包括开放手术和微创手术二大类。长期以来,用开窗法和半椎板切除法摘除髓核组织治疗腰椎间盘突出症可获得良好的疗效,但存在着创伤大、住院时间长、有可能产生脊柱不稳等缺点。只因为如此,医学界长期以来都在致力于探索治疗椎间盘突出症的微创方法。

半导体激光汽化减压术治疗腰椎间盘突出症,是继化学溶解术、经皮椎间盘切吸术之后又一种创伤更小、并发症更少、安全简便、恢复快、疗效肯定的微创手术,是近年来逐渐兴起的一种新的治疗方法。自1986年半导体激光汽化减压术成功地应用于临床以来,先后在德国、奥地利、瑞士、法国、美国、韩国等国家积极开展并取得了较好的疗效,从而确定了这种治疗方法的地位。

半导体激光汽化减压术的作用原理是通过激光脉冲能量汽化椎间盘髓核组织,降低椎间盘的压力,解除或减轻椎间盘突出对神经根和硬脊膜的压迫。研究发现,半导体激光汽化减压术的远期疗效可能与纤维环软化以及髓核回缩充填汽化后的空腔组织有关。而在激光汽化导致椎间盘内压下降后髓核组织的回缩要依靠于椎间盘纤维环的完整性以及突出物良好的顺应性。因此,术后椎间盘纤维环能否再生修复以恢复纤维环的完整性可能影响手术的远期疗效。

髓核对于延缓椎间盘退变进程同样起着至关重要的作用。在预防和治疗椎间盘退变的基础研究中,将新鲜或冷冻的髓核植入椎间盘突出动物模型的椎间隙内,发现植入的髓核可以延缓椎间盘退变的进程。由于经皮激光椎间盘减压去除了髓核组织,可能会增加椎间盘加速退变的风险。因此,术后椎间盘髓核能否再生显得更为重要。

腰椎间盘突出症患者在行半导体激光汽化减压术治疗后,椎间盘髓核和纤维环能否再生呢?目前对于这一问题的相关研究仍鲜有报道。为了更好地回答这一问题,土耳其学者Arslan等进行了一项基于影像学分析的回顾性研究,该研究结果已在近期的Eur Spine J杂志上发表。

在该研究中,研究者将2006年1月至2009年6月期间收治的14例行半导体激光(波长908nm)汽化减压术的腰椎间盘突出症患者纳入为研究对象,其中男性患者9例,女性5例,平均年龄36.5岁(年龄范围20-57岁)。排除标准为患者伴有椎管中央和/或侧方狭窄、孤立的椎间盘碎片、手术瘢痕、以及出血性疾病等。

在行半导体激光汽化减压术的椎间盘节段中,2例为L3-L4节段,其余12例均为L4-L5节段。患者术后随访的时间最长为6年,最短为3年,平均随访时间为4.4年。采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)系统对患者的下肢疼痛状况进行评分,并对行激光手术治疗的腰椎行矢状位弛豫时间(T2)图核磁共振成像检查以作为影像学评价依据。

在T2 MRI图像上将椎间盘组成部分中存在变化的相关区域作为感兴趣的区域(regions of interest, ROIs),并采用Pfirrmann分级系统对椎间盘的退变程度进行分级。最后,将椎间盘的ROIs的T2信号强度分别与椎间盘退变分级、VAS评分进行相关性分析。


图1. L4/L5椎间盘ROIs分区示意图。椎间盘被等分为5个部分,ROI 1代表前部纤维环,ROI 5代表后部纤维环,ROIs 2-4代表髓核。

该研究结果显示,术后长期随访患者的腰椎间盘前部髓核(ROI 2, +10.3 ms)的T2信号强度显著增加,中部髓核(ROI 3, +24.6 ms)T2信号增加的幅度更为显著,后部髓核(ROI 4, +28.6 ms)T2信号增加的幅度最为显著。前部(ROI 1, -1.5 ms)与后部(ROI 5, -0.1 ms)纤维环T2信号降低的幅度却并不明显。正常的椎间盘髓核ROI区T2为高信号,纤维环ROI区T2为低信号。

因此,患者的影像学结果提示,椎间盘髓核已经实现再生恢复为正常的髓核,但纤维环的并没有实现再生修复。根据Pfirrmann分级系统,术前有6例患者的椎间盘退变程度为III级,8例患者为IV级;术后6例患者的椎间盘退变程度变为I级,其余8例患者为II级;患者术后的Pfirrmann分级较术前显著性降低。椎间盘的ROIs的T2信号强度与患者的VAS评分之间无显著的相关性。


图2. 术前和末次随访时患者腰椎间盘ROIs 1–5的T2信号强度。

该研究结果表明,行半导体激光汽化减压术治疗的腰椎间盘突出患者在长期的随访过程中椎间盘髓核可再生,但纤维环却不能再生。这也提示脊柱外科医生行半导体激光汽化减压术治疗椎间盘突出症时,尽量少的去除髓核组织可能会取得令人满意的长期疗效。

原始出处:

Arslan E1, Demirci I, Kılıncaslan MO, Hacıfazlıoglu C, Demir T, Demirkale I.Identification of intervertebral disc regeneration with magnetic resonance imaging after a long-term follow-up in patients treated with percutaneous diode laser nucleoplasty: a retrospective clinical and radiological analysis of 14 patients.Eur Spine J. 2014 May;23(5):1044-51. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3194-1. Epub 2014 Jan 31.

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    2015-02-01 mgqwxj
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    2014-06-19 oliver169
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