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Cell:微核破坏可能是癌症诊断新标记物

2013-07-13 MedSci MedSci原创

  癌症科学家们知道微核(micronuclei)已有一段时间。这些额外的核结构游离于主核之外,大小约在主核的1/3以下。是由细胞分裂后没有纳入到子细胞中去的染色体片段或整个染色体构成。其与某些特殊的癌症类型相关,预示着预后不良。  在发表在7月3日《细胞》(Cell)杂志上的一项新研究中,来自Salk生物研究所的一个科学家小组发现,微核破坏可以引起染色体上大量的DNA损伤,有可能在癌症形成过程中

  癌症科学家们知道微核(micronuclei)已有一段时间。这些额外的核结构游离于主核之外,大小约在主核的1/3以下。是由细胞分裂后没有纳入到子细胞中去的染色体片段或整个染色体构成。其与某些特殊的癌症类型相关,预示着预后不良。

  在发表在7月3日《细胞》(Cell)杂志上的一项新研究中,来自Salk生物研究所的一个科学家小组发现,微核破坏可以引起染色体上大量的DNA损伤,有可能在癌症形成过程中发挥了比以前认为的要更加积极的作用。他们还发现对于包括非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)在内的许多实体瘤,微核破坏可以作为它们遗传不稳定状态的一个共同的客观生物标志物。

  Salk生物学研究所分子和细胞生物学实验室Martin Hetzer教授说:“我们的研究显示,在诸如NSCLC等实体瘤中,超过60%的微核出现了灾难性的功能异常。我们在两个主要的人类非小细胞肺癌亚型中发现了微核破坏,这表明其可以作为有价值的癌症诊断工具。”

  由于细胞分裂发生错误操作,有时候染色体会出现在细胞核外。在正常细胞分裂过程中,细胞复制它的染色体,然后将它们平均分配到两个新形成的子细胞中,每个子细胞中都有一套染色体。然而出于各种原因,有时候染色体并没有均等地分配,导致一个子细胞中接收到额外的染色体,而另一个子细胞则短缺染色体。这些滞后的染色体通常不会去到细胞核中,而是最终在细胞的别处,包裹于自身的核膜内。微核以较高的频率出现在癌细胞中。

  在他们的研究中Hetzer及研究小组发现,在癌细胞分裂的某一阶段核纤层中存在有从前未知的缺陷,使得环绕微核的核膜发生了毁灭性的破坏,导致其丧失基础的核功能,例如复制、转录、DNA损伤识别和修复等。在核膜破坏后超过60%的微核发生了不可逆的功能障碍,促使形成致癌性非整倍体。

  Hetzer实验室助理研究员Emily Hatch说:“在微核中,我们看到核纤层有孔形成。我认为在这些孔位点,核膜丧失了支持,由此变弱破裂。我们还没有完全了解微核中发生这种现象的原因。”

  以往的研究证实,核膜破坏可引起DNA损伤和基因转录阻滞,促进非整倍体形成。受损的DNA随后进入到下一代子细胞中,经历染色体碎裂(chromothripsis)过程,导致大量的DNA损伤和肿瘤形成。

  在当前的研究中,Hatch发现了可鉴别微核破坏的生物标记物,这有可能大大提高病理学家识别肿瘤切片中这些结构的能力。目前,几种癌症的确诊都依赖于识别非整倍体,而可用于检测实体瘤基因组不稳的客观标记物只有极少的几个。

  Hetzer说:“我们为评估这些组织中的非整倍体提供了一种新方法:鉴别实体瘤中的微核破坏。”尽管目前尚不清楚是否有多少癌症受到微核破坏的影响。除了NSCLC之外,科学家们相信微核破坏还有可能在骨癌、黑色素瘤和其他的肺癌类型中发挥了作用。

  由于与有丝分裂错误密切相关,研究人员认为微核可作为一个准确指示物,来确定非小细胞肺癌两个特征性的标志:基因组稳定性和非整倍体。Hetzer研究小组在肺腺癌和鳞状细胞癌中都发现了微核破坏。

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    2014-01-25 wjywjy
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    2013-11-29 维他命
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