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Nature:SNCA基因增强子单点突变就能增加帕金森病风险

2016-04-26 佚名 生物谷

一项新的研究中,来自美国怀特海德研究所等机构的研究人员利用一种新方法确定了在全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)中鉴定出的一种非编码突变如何能够增加散发性帕金森病(sporadic Parkinson's disease)发病风险。这种方法可能也能够用于分析其他的散发性遗传病的GWAS结果。相关研究结果于2016年4月20日在线发表在Nat

一项新的研究中,来自美国怀特海德研究所等机构的研究人员利用一种新方法确定了在全基因组关联研究(genome-wide association study, GWAS)中鉴定出的一种非编码突变如何能够增加散发性帕金森病(sporadic Parkinson's disease)发病风险。这种方法可能也能够用于分析其他的散发性遗传病的GWAS结果。相关研究结果于2016年4月20日在线发表在Nature期刊上,论文标题为“Parkinson-associated risk variant in distal enhancer of α-synuclein modulates target gene expression”。

论文通信作者、麻省理工学院生物学教授Rudolf Jaenisch说,“这真正是我们首次基于GWAS研究中鉴定出的风险基因突变,在机制上和分子水平上理解一种突变如何能够提高患病风险。”

大约90%的帕金森病病例是散发性的,是由环境风险因素和常见的遗传风险之间的复杂相互作用导致的。鉴于科学家们很难分析这些相互作用,之前的大多数研究着重关注罕见的家族性帕金森病。用于鉴定增加一种特定疾病发生风险的常见突变的GWAS研究也被用于研究散发性帕金森病,但是只取得有限的成功。

利用GWAS研究能够标记出作为一种给定疾病的风险因素的突变在基因组上发生的大概位置。然而,GWAS研究并不能揭示出潜在的致病性突变的具体位置,更不能表明一种突变是否导致一种疾病发生(如果真发生的话)。比如,在散发性帕金森病中,多项GWAS研究指出α-突触核蛋白基因(alpha-synuclein, SNCA)是病人基因组中风险最强的位点之一,但是GWAS研究很少含有关于这种基因在散发性帕金森病中如何受到异常调节的机制方面的信息。

为了观察携带SNCA基因的同一条染色体上相隔较远的基因调节元件是否能够影响α-突触核蛋白(SNCA)在细胞中的水平,研究人员研究了在GWAS研究中鉴定出的两种位于公认的SNCA增强子上的风险突变。

研究人员利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑方法将这两种突变引入同基因的人多能性干细胞中,而且只是改变一条染色体上的基因突变,另一条染色体仍然保持不变,起着内控的作用。这种方法就可以非常高可信度地测量非常微小的影响,同时消除任何遗传或表观遗传修饰的影响和实验期间能够发生的细胞培养相关变化。

论文第一作者、Jaenisch实验室高级研究员Frank Soldner说,“我们的方法解决了GWAS研究的一个重大缺点:利用GWAS研究产生的关联性,不能够区分基因组中靠得比较近的两种突变之间的影响。这种物理位置上的接近意味着它们将总是在遗传期间一起分离,这就是我们为何必须做的事情---对每种突变进行独立地修饰和分析,同时让基因组剩余部分完全保持不变。”

在让这些人多能性干细胞分化为神经元之后,研究人员注意到SNCA表达发生变化。尽管这两种突变中的一种没有影响,但是另外一种突变(从碱基A变成碱基G)稍加地但不可忽略地提高SNCA表达水平。根据Soldner的说法,当与家族性帕金森病中提高的SNCA表达相比,A→G突变带来的轻度影响在一生当中足以增加患上散发性帕金森病的风险。

为了观察这种突变如何影响SNCA表达,研究人员研究了他们鉴定出的两种转录因子EMX2和NKX6-1是否能够结合到携带这种突变的SNCA增强子上。当这种增强子未发生突变时,这两种转录因子能够结合到增强子上,抑制SNCA表达。如果这种增强子发生A→G突变,那么这两种转录因子不能够结合到增强子上,因而SNCA处于激活状态。

Jaenisch说,这种鉴定SNCA增强子单点突变的方法可能能够用来准确找到散发性帕金森病的其他致病基因,并且筛查对其他疾病(包括阿尔茨海默病、癌症、糖尿病和多发性硬化症)进行GWAS研究时发现的风险基因。

原始出处:

Soldner F, Stelzer Y, Shivalila CS, Abraham BJ, Latourelle JC, Barrasa MI, Goldmann J, Myers RH, Young RA, Jaenisch R.Parkinson-associated risk variant in distal enhancer of α-synuclein modulates target gene expression. Nature. 2016 Apr 20. doi: 10.1038/nature17939

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    2016-07-08 tulenzi
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    2016-10-25 yangshch
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    2016-05-06 liye789132251
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