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3D打印技术在PaproskyⅢ型髋臼骨缺损翻修手术中应用1例

2019-02-26 王金有 中国实验诊断学

随着髋关节置换术的患者总数的增加、年龄的增长以及人均寿命的延长,髋关节翻修的手术量越来越多,根据美国学者的预测,到2026年全美髋关节翻修手术的总量将会是目前髋翻修手术的两倍。全髋关节置换后行髋关节翻修手术的原因很多,包括感染、假体聚乙烯内衬磨损、假体脱位和假体无菌性松动、假体周围骨折等。在全髋关节翻修术中,髋臼侧严重骨缺损的修复重建手术是一个具有挑战性的问题。

随着髋关节置换术的患者总数的增加、年龄的增长以及人均寿命的延长,髋关节翻修的手术量越来越多,根据美国学者的预测,到2026年全美髋关节翻修手术的总量将会是目前髋翻修手术的两倍。全髋关节置换后行髋关节翻修手术的原因很多,包括感染、假体聚乙烯内衬磨损、假体脱位和假体无菌性松动、假体周围骨折等。在全髋关节翻修术中,髋臼侧严重骨缺损的修复重建手术是一个具有挑战性的问题。

目前髋臼侧骨缺损的重建方法主要包括:大块同种异体骨移植、颗粒状同种异体骨打压植骨、超大臼杯、多孔金属垫块、Cup-Cage技术、个体化设计三翼臼杯。临床工作中,关节外科医生主要根据病人的骨缺损程度和分型、年龄、经济承受能力,选择髋臼骨缺损的重建方案。随着3D打印技术的发展,现在能够通过3D打印技术、根据髋臼骨缺损的局部解剖特点,个体化定制金属髋臼翻修假体,精准重建髋臼旋转中心,使复杂的髋臼重建手术变得更加精确。本文介绍1例利用3D打印技术、个体化定制金属髋臼假体,治疗PaproskyⅢ型髋臼骨缺损的翻修病例,并进行相应的文献复习。

病历资料

患者,男性,54岁,8年前于本院行左髋翻修术,9个月前无明显诱因出现左髋关节疼痛伴活动受限,在我院经相关检查诊断为:左髋关节置换术后感染,于全麻下行左髋关节假体取出术,清创术,左髋关节抗生素骨水泥占位术。术后三个月入院,查体:双下肢不等长,左下肢呈轻度屈曲伴短缩畸形,较对侧短缩约2.0CM,左臀部后外侧可见切口瘢痕长约18CM,愈合良好,未见瘘管、窦道等感染征像,切口周围未触及压痛,左下肢肌肉萎缩明显,综合肌力3级,屈髋无力,左髋关节主动活动受限,被动屈曲活动:0°-50°。内外旋受限,4字试验(+)实验室检查血常规、ESR、CRP均正常,左髋关节腔穿刺液培养阴性。术前X线和CT示左侧髋关节中心性脱位,左侧股骨头假体旋转中心较健侧上移大于3CM,根据Paprosky分型系统、诊断为PaproskyⅢ型髋臼骨缺损。

术前将CT扫描数据传给春立公司,公司工程师通过软件数据处理,应用3D打印技术打印出患者的骨盆模型,手术医生通过与工程师的多次协商、确定假体设计方案后,打印出与骨缺损相匹配的钛金属垫块以及髋臼假体(春立公司)。翻修手术采用后外侧入路,取出骨水泥占位器,根据术前计划将3D打印钛金属垫块以术前设计的角度植入、并以3枚螺钉固定,然后将3D打印臼杯假体植入、垫块与臼杯间隙采用骨水泥固定,臼杯前、后缘通过螺钉固定于髋臼前、后壁,安装聚乙烯内衬,继而处理股骨,植入全涂层股骨柄翻修假体(春立公司160型),最后安装36mm金属球头,复位髋关节,双下肢基本等长,检查髋关节稳定且活动良好。术后拍摄髋臼假体x片。术后随访6个月,在随访过程中无感染、脱位、假体松动、断裂等并发症出现,VAS评分降低,HarrIs评分显著增高,末次随访VAS评分为0分,HarrIs评分85分。

讨论

在全髋关节翻修术中,常常会面临需要重建严重髋臼骨缺损的难题。由于髋臼假体周围残余的自体骨量过少,难以保证翻修臼杯覆盖率,臼杯初期稳定性差,影响生物臼杯早期的骨长入以及中远期的骨整合,影响远期生存率。目前临床上对髋臼骨缺损分型中、广泛应用的主要有Paprosky分型和AAOS分型,尤其是Paprosky分型,其对髋关节中心的位移程度和方向、耻(坐)骨溶解程度及泪滴破坏等都进行了较详细的评估;将髋臼骨缺损分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型,其中PaproskyⅢ型属于严重髋臼骨缺损。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型骨缺损的患者,单纯打压植骨即可获得良好的疗效,严重髋臼骨缺损目前主要采用超大Jumo杯加植骨或结合钽金属垫块,往往疗效不满意,难以获得髋臼中心的解剖学重建。3D打印技术始于1984年,以计算机三维设计软件为基础,将数据进行3D建模并导入特定的打印设备上,用粉末材料、液体、丝化的固体材料为原料进行逐层堆积加工,最终叠加成型出实物。

3D打印技术的优点是擅长构建形状结构复杂的产品,非常适合髋臼侧严重骨缺损的手术。本例患者为全髋关节置换术后感染、伴有髋臼侧严重骨缺损、中心性脱位,属于PaproskyⅢ型,髋臼周围骨质缺损严重,虽然患者的术前的影像学资料充足,但三维CT、X平片难以全面、精确地了解髋臼周围骨量,术前设计困难;而且骨缺损的形态多种多样,目前市场上的翻修假体难以和骨缺损精确匹配,增加了手术的难度和风险,影响翻修的效果。3D打印技术则很好的解决了以上几个难点,(1)精确了解骨缺损的形态以及术前规划:制作出1∶1仿真骨盆模型以弥补传统的二维影像资料的不足,通过模型精确地了解骨缺损的具体大小、形态。同时,利用实体模型可在术前对翻修手术进行预演,让术者更加熟练手术步骤,提高手术效率,降低手术风险。(2)个体化治疗:本例采用3D打印技术打印出与髋臼骨缺损相匹配的金属垫块和与之相匹配的髋关节假体,术中完美匹配髋臼,降低手术的难度,完成了真正精准的髋臼旋转中心重建和骨缺损修复,提高了翻修手术的成功率。此外,3D打印技术打印出的仿真模型还能在术中指导切除、截骨、打钉等,使手术更加简单,节约手术时间。

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    2019-02-28 lsndxfj
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    2019-02-28 lfcmxl
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    2019-02-28 sunylz

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