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从SARS到MERS:“狼”又来了

2015-06-05 曾庆平 科学网博文

十年前在中国肆虐的急重性呼吸道综合症(SARS)至今仍让国人记忆犹新,伤痛不可谓不惨重,教训不可谓不深刻。全球累计SARS病例8422例,死亡919人。其中,中国内地发病5327例,死亡349人。香港发病1755人,死亡300人。台湾发病665例,死亡180人。 可是,2012年中东呼吸道综合症(MERS)出现后,在整个中东地区3年内也只报告了1139例,死亡431人,国

十年前在中国肆虐的急重性呼吸道综合症(SARS)至今仍让国人记忆犹新,伤痛不可谓不惨重,教训不可谓不深刻。全球累计SARS病例8422例,死亡919人。其中,中国内地发病5327例,死亡349人。香港发病1755人,死亡300人。台湾发病665例,死亡180人。

可是,2012年中东呼吸道综合症(MERS)出现后,在整个中东地区3年内也只报告了1139例,死亡431人,国人已逐渐从不寒而栗慢慢变成麻木不仁,认为MERS的致病性与致死率远不如SARS,灾难似乎离我们还很遥远。这让我们想起那位整天价恶作剧呼喊“狼来了”的骗人牧童,但这次“狼”真的来了。

“人算不如天算”。最近,仅仅因为一位从中东归来的韩国人染上MERS,在短短几天之内就引发韩国群现众多病例。目前韩国已隔离1600余人,确诊41人,死亡4人,大有失控流行的趋势。更有甚者,一位韩国感染者竟然把MERS病毒经香港带入我国内地(广东惠州),使得数十位密切接触者被隔离。

MERS像SARS一样,都属于冠状病毒感染引发的恶性传染病。它们又可以被称为“畜传病”或“人畜共患病”(zoonosis),据称SARS的天然动物宿主是蝙蝠,MERS的天然动物宿主是骆驼。动物病毒宿主范围扩展到人类,通常是基因突变的结果。随着宿主适应性进化,其传播方式、潜伏期和致病性都会发生变化。

这类病毒性传染病的可怕之处倒不是病毒本身会引起非常严重的病变,而是这些人类陌生病毒入侵导致的“细胞因子风暴”(cytokine storm),使大量促炎性细胞因子在肺泡集聚引起呼吸衰竭而致命。同时,也会因大量一氧化氮迸发导致代谢性缺氧。可以说,被MERS或SARS感染后,与其说是病毒“杀人”,不如说是感染者免疫系统启动的“自杀”!

由于SARS和MERS病毒并不像艾滋病毒(HIV)或乙肝病毒(HBV)那样把它们的基因组整合在人类染色体上,而是存在于感染细胞核外。只要假以足够的刺激时间,人体就能形成中和抗体并最终剿灭病毒。所以,一旦不幸感染了SARS或MERS病毒,首要任务并不是抗病毒,而是抑制免疫。只要不让免疫系统过度激活,人就不会“自杀”死亡,也就为人体战胜病毒赢得了时间。

由这个致病特点推论,一般来说,器官移植患者感染后的死亡风险最低,因为他们每天都会服用免疫抑制剂抗排斥。其次是常年服用抗炎药物的类风湿病患者。高龄老人因免疫力衰退,感染后死亡率也会有所降低。婴儿及幼龄儿童因免疫系统发育不成熟,其染病后的致死率可能要比成年人低。当然,由于免疫力存在较大的个体差异,这里谈及的只是普遍现象而非个别例外情况。

一旦不幸疑现发病征兆(离开MERS高发区12日内出现高烧、咳嗽等),就要立即前往医院确诊,经确诊后就要严格隔离,不能擅自离开隔离区,防止人群传播。目前尚无有规可循的治疗MERS的成熟临床经验,医生只能根据病情酌情使用抗病毒制剂(干扰素、利巴韦林)和免疫抑制剂,较普通的免疫抑制药物有皮质类固醇类抗炎药,较高级的有TNF-α阻断剂(单抗)等。

总之,遭遇恶性传染病突袭,我们千万不可掉以轻心,也不应存任何侥幸心理。SARS、MERS、H5N1等病毒正在不断寻求突破人类免疫防线,我们绝对不能让它们在人体内“扎下根”,一定要稳、准、狠地坚决剿灭之,将病毒入侵扼杀在萌芽状态。

附:

新加坡《联合早报》专稿--确诊患者增至36人 被隔离者逾1600 韩MERS死亡病例增至三人(作者:姜贵瑛)

韩国中东呼吸综合征(MERS)疫情日益严峻,昨日又有一人确定死于此病,死亡病例增至三人,确诊患者增至36人,被隔离者也大幅增至超过1600人。由于一名新增病人曾多次参加大型活动,令人担心疫情会扩散到首尔社区。

韩国保健福祉部昨日表示,3日傍晚,一名疑似MERS第二代人传人患者(82岁,男)在治疗期间死亡。他于上个月30日被隔离,2日DNA检测还呈阴性,但死后的检测却呈阳性。这是韩国首例MERS第二代人传人死亡病例,至此死亡人数升至三个。

昨日一天之内韩国的MERS确诊患者就增加三人,使累计确诊患者总数达36人。新增病例包括一名在韩国江南三星医院的男医生(38岁),这消息让民众更感到恐慌。

保健福祉部公共保健政策官权俊旭说:“虽然他不是曾经治疗MERS患者的医生,但他在第14例确诊患者旁边看了其他病人,可能是在此过程中被传染的。”

第35例患者隔离期间 出席活动与千多人接触

首尔市高层人士透露,这名医生是第35例确诊患者,他在家隔离时竟然多次出席了大型活动,约和1000多人接触。这表示,政府防疫系统出现漏洞,疫情恐怕也将扩散至首尔。

到昨天,被隔离观察的人也增至1667个,包括一组士兵。

韩国国防部表示,京畿道乌山空军基地的一名士官长被确诊为MERS患者。这名士官长因足肌腱断裂住进京畿道一家医院,而当时病房上层有一名MERS患者在接受治疗。

目前这名士官长没有出现高烧、咳嗽等症状,但为了安全起见,六名曾去探望这名士官长的军中干部被令隔离观察,连他们所属部队中的74名士兵也必须隔离。为防止MERS病毒传入军中,国防部也下令士兵留营禁止外出。

MERS疫情不断扩大,韩国人心惶惶,停课学校已经增加到超过1160所。昨日韩国高中进行高考模拟考试,考生都戴着口罩参加考试,有900名学生因担心疫情而缺考。

为了防范传染,韩国人现在纷纷抢购卫生用品、口罩和洗手液等物品的销售量激增。

一家商店的员工说:“一天平均进货40到50个口罩,但口罩一来就被扫空。而且,像医生佩戴的N95和KF94等口罩,因能隔开细菌,因此特别抢手。”

韩国著名电商G-Market表示,从5月20日至6月3日,个人卫生用品销售与去年同期相比都倍增,口罩的销量同比增长了140%,洗手液的销量增长了214%。

新增病例均属于 医疗机构内感染

尽管MERS疫情持续扩大,韩国卫生当局昨天仍强调,新增病例均属于医疗机构内的感染,并非在医疗机构外的社区感染;可是究竟出现感染的是哪些医院,当局仍不肯公布,遭舆论强烈谴责。

韩国经济媒体Etoday报道,美国去年出现MERS病例时,详细公开了患者所经过的路线、接受治疗的医院。反观韩国,只是尽全力严处散布疫情“谣言”的行为,而对于MERS疫情的通报很不透明。报道指出,政府应该公布有关医院名单,这样才能有效控制疫情。

另一方面,根据韩国观光公社统计,受MERS疫情影响,取消赴韩旅游计划的外国游客已增至1万1800多人。其中,中国大陆、香港和台湾地区共有4400多名游客取消行程,日本和越南、新加坡等东南亚国家也有400多名游客暂时不去韩国了。

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    2015-06-06 仁者大医
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    2015-06-09 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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    2015-06-08 午夜星河

    小心,医生不上了,让打大夫者上

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1878110, encodeId=984e18e8110a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c157696175' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ERS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6961, encryptionId=c157696175, topicName=ERS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Sat Jun 06 07:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26741, encodeId=b58526e4148, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=166, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Tue Jun 09 19:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26273, encodeId=8370262e3d6, content=小心,医生不上了,让打大夫者上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Mon Jun 08 12:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1321124, encodeId=918b1321124f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac0d159007f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SARS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15900, encryptionId=ac0d159007f, topicName=SARS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8306486, createdName=小刀医生, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 02:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1338421, encodeId=c62413384210b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=767711566a9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MERS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11566, encryptionId=767711566a9, topicName=MERS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/71tKRib0PibveVjnEa7tPLMaCzoKicFlKSEOzRTGf4wNvDV54kJyNx1ott1D5Xp5gRu7IwUia77oN0YFdffvQMu6Ug/132, createdBy=9e302500146, createdName=ms49895894946433513521, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 02:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26124, encodeId=31c1261244c, content=真狼, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jun 05 17:41:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-07 小刀医生
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1878110, encodeId=984e18e8110a0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c157696175' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ERS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=6961, encryptionId=c157696175, topicName=ERS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e886, createdName=仁者大医, createdTime=Sat Jun 06 07:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26741, encodeId=b58526e4148, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=166, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Tue Jun 09 19:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26273, encodeId=8370262e3d6, content=小心,医生不上了,让打大夫者上, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Mon Jun 08 12:01:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1321124, encodeId=918b1321124f5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac0d159007f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SARS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15900, encryptionId=ac0d159007f, topicName=SARS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8306486, createdName=小刀医生, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 02:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1338421, encodeId=c62413384210b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=767711566a9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MERS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11566, encryptionId=767711566a9, topicName=MERS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/71tKRib0PibveVjnEa7tPLMaCzoKicFlKSEOzRTGf4wNvDV54kJyNx1ott1D5Xp5gRu7IwUia77oN0YFdffvQMu6Ug/132, createdBy=9e302500146, createdName=ms49895894946433513521, createdTime=Sun Jun 07 02:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=26124, encodeId=31c1261244c, content=真狼, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=181, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Fri Jun 05 17:41:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-05 lovetcm

    真狼

    0

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