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机体第六感在作怪?我们如何告诉机体有眼睛在注视着我们?

2016-09-28 佚名 生物谷

导语:我们或许都有过这样的感觉,就是总感觉别人在注视着自己,即使在我们并没有直接看对方眼睛的时候我们也会有这种感觉,有时候我们甚至会感觉到完全不在我们视野范围之内的人也在注视着自己,但如果不依赖于伪科学的解释,比如说超感官知觉或者第六感,那么我们又该对此现象如何进行解释呢?人类对眼睛的迷恋或许就是核心问题所在,俗话说,眼睛是心灵的窗户,难怪我们对眼睛如此着迷了,人体的大脑会高度运作来转向锁定他

导语:我们或许都有过这样的感觉,就是总感觉别人在注视着自己,即使在我们并没有直接看对方眼睛的时候我们也会有这种感觉,有时候我们甚至会感觉到完全不在我们视野范围之内的人也在注视着自己,但如果不依赖于伪科学的解释,比如说超感官知觉或者第六感,那么我们又该对此现象如何进行解释呢?

人类对眼睛的迷恋或许就是核心问题所在,俗话说,眼睛是心灵的窗户,难怪我们对眼睛如此着迷了,人体的大脑会高度运作来转向锁定他人的眼光,这就说明大脑中存在一种分布较广的神经网络来专门用于处理别人对自己的注视,而且如今科学家们通过研研究发现,当猕猴处于同类眼神的注视中时,其大脑中的一类特殊的神经元细胞群体会发生激活。我们似乎会被注视知觉(gaze perception)所连接起来,而机体中检测眼睛和注意力转移的机制似乎是与生俱来的,比如,出生仅2-5天的新生儿更喜欢用眼神注视着他人。

并不仅仅是我们的大脑能够专门吸引他人的目光,我们的眼睛也会通过异常形成的方式来引起注意,而且能够轻易揭示注视的方向,的确我们的眼睛结构几乎和其它所有物种都不相同,而且瞳孔周围眼部区域的面积非常大而且完全是白色的,这就会使得我们更加容易辨别他人目光的方向,相比较而言,在很多动物中,其眼睛中瞳孔会占据眼睛大部分面积或者说其巩膜本身就是黑色的,这就会使得捕食者对眼睛进行很好地伪装,同时也能够隐藏来自潜在猎物眼睛注视的方向。

但是为何这种注视如此重要以至于该过程需要进行特殊的加工处理?从根本上来讲,当一些有意义的事情正在发生时,眼睛会让我们深入其中;而注意力从其它人身上转移过来会反射性地把我们的注意力同他们眼睛的注视保持一致;如今我们机体高度关注的目光已经进化到了支持人类之间的支持合作,同时也为我们锻炼许多复杂的社会技能奠定了坚实的基础。

正常的目光处理过程在很多情况下都会被干扰,比如孤独症谱系个体并不会花很长时间去注视别人的眼睛,这些患者眼部的提取信息往往会出现故障,比如情绪或者意图的问题,而且当别人直视他们时,他们并不太能够断定这种情况的发生;从另一个极端来讲,相比低社会焦虑水平的个体,具有高度社会焦虑特点的个体往往会更多地注视他人,甚至在直接注视他人的时候他们往往会表现出高度的生理恐惧反应。

你或许并不会意识到这一点,但眼神的注视却会随着我们对他人心理反应的改变来影响原本的东西,在建立社会主导地位上我们往往有很多方法,当然这一点也值得注意,即直接的注视会让人们更加值得依赖且更加具有吸引力,有研究发现,眉毛内侧“开沟”的狗能够更加适应快速的变化,这种狗会注视着人类的一举一动,而未“开沟”的狗则不会。

注视同样会无意识地调节我们进行轮流地交谈,当我们交谈的时候我们往往会把目光移开,同时我们还会相互交换对对方的注视,这就可以指示交谈和聆听之间的相互替换;尝试着改变自然的目光流量,否则我们或许会让与我们交谈的对象变得不自然。

关于目光检测的真相

因为人类的眼睛注视功能会被优化用来进行早期监测,通常我们就很容易确定是否别人在注视着自己,比如,如果火车上坐在我们对面的人在看我们的话,我们通常就会在不直接注意对方的情况下记录对方目光的方向;然而结果就是我们仅会在中央注视点的四度方向去可靠地检测这种目光。

然而当别人通过周边视觉关注我们时,我们就能够利用其它方法来进行检测,具有代表性的就是我们会依赖于头部的移动和位置,当潜在的监视者处于黑暗或者戴太阳镜时,我们也会依赖于头部或机体的某些线索了;但有意思的是,我们或许并不会像我们想象中那样经常被别人“关注”,在不确定的情况下,人们往往会对别人关注他们的可能性评价过高,这可能是一种适应机制来为接下来的即将发生的相互作用做准备,尤其是当这种相互作用可能受到威胁时。

但如果别人没有在我们视野范围内的话,我们的机体又该如何处理这种“注视”呢?比如在我们身后,难道我们真的可以感觉到吗?为此,科学家们进行了长期的调查研究,1898年科学家发表了第一篇关于相关课题的研究报告,当然很有可能也是因为这种想法非常让人欢迎。有些研究表明,94%的人都经历过被别人注视或监视的事情。

可悲的是,对于那些希望自己是X战警的人而言,似乎大部分支持“心灵凝视效应”的研究都会经历一些方法论的问题,或者出现一些不能被解释的实验者效应,比如,当特定的实验者在实验中扮演“观察者”时,其就会非常成功地使得人们检测到他们的注视,而这似乎是一种无意识的偏见,可能取决于最初与实验者之间的相互作用。

当然记忆偏差也可能会发挥作用,如果你感觉到你被别人注视的话,那么就回头检查一下,我们视觉范围内的任何一个人或许都会注意到你在环顾四周,并且转向目光看着你,当你们的眼神交汇时,你可能会推测这些个体自始至终都在看着你;相比我们回头发现并没有注视我们的情况而言,这种情况似乎会更让人难以忘记;因此,记住,下一次当你认为你看不到的人在默默关注你时,或许有可能是你的大脑捉弄了你,当然无论你的感觉有多真。(生物谷Bioon.com)

参考资料:

【1】Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction

Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci

【2】Is there an innate gaze module? Evidence from human neonates

Infant Behavior and Development    doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00037-6

【3】Unique morphology of the human eye and its adaptive meaning: comparative studies on external morphology of the primate eye

J Hum Evol

【4】Do the eyes have it? Cues to the direction of social attention

Trends Cogn Sci

【5】Oxytocin increases eye contact during a real-time, naturalistic social interaction in males with and without autism

Translational Psychiatry    doi:10.1038/tp.2014.146

【6】Is eye to eye contact really threatening and avoided in social anxiety?—An eye-tracking and psychophysiology study

Journal of Anxiety Disorders   doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.004

【7】Trusting the Looks of Others: Gaze Effects of Faces in Social Settings

Perception     doi: 10.1177/0301006616643678

【8】Paedomorphic Facial Expressions Give Dogs a Selective Advantage

PLoS ONE   doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082686

【9】Psychophysics of perceiving eye-gaze and head direction with peripheral vision: implications for the dynamics of eye-gaze behavior

Perception

【10】Eye contact detection in humans from birth

PNAS   doi: 10.1073/pnas.152159999

【11】THE ‘FEELING OF BEING STARED AT’

Science   DOI: 10.1126/science.8.208.895

【12】A sixth sense? How we can tell that eyes are watching us

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    2016-10-13 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章真好,喜欢阅读

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=147679, encodeId=3efe14e67953, content=文章真好,喜欢阅读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Oct 13 14:31:50 CST 2016, time=2016-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=137381, encodeId=292013e38152, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Wed Sep 28 22:09:48 CST 2016, time=2016-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=137380, encodeId=143713e380d5, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Wed Sep 28 22:09:39 CST 2016, time=2016-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=137327, encodeId=e94c13e3275c, content=学习了,哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=744f1634526, createdName=liushui@91, createdTime=Wed Sep 28 21:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=136997, encodeId=d3c013699ecc, content=说了一大堆,不明所以, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Wed Sep 28 12:59:18 CST 2016, time=2016-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-28 知难而进

    继续关注

    0

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    2016-09-28 知难而进

    谢谢分享!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=147679, encodeId=3efe14e67953, content=文章真好,喜欢阅读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Oct 13 14:31:50 CST 2016, time=2016-10-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=137381, encodeId=292013e38152, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Wed Sep 28 22:09:48 CST 2016, time=2016-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=137380, encodeId=143713e380d5, content=谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160811/IMG57AC91915ACA64463.jpg, createdBy=9c351934462, createdName=知难而进, createdTime=Wed Sep 28 22:09:39 CST 2016, time=2016-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=137327, encodeId=e94c13e3275c, content=学习了,哈哈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=744f1634526, createdName=liushui@91, createdTime=Wed Sep 28 21:01:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=136997, encodeId=d3c013699ecc, content=说了一大堆,不明所以, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Wed Sep 28 12:59:18 CST 2016, time=2016-09-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-28 liushui@91

    学习了,哈哈

    0

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    2016-09-28 lyh994

    说了一大堆,不明所以

    0

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