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脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2临床应用中国专家建议

2015-11-09 MedSci MedSci原创

动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病是首要致死和致残原因。除血脂异常外,炎症和氧化应激也是动脉粥样硬化病理生理发生和发展的重要机制。目前,国内外指南均建议采用传统危险因素为基础的模型预测动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的短期和长期风险[1,2] 。但是,仅采用传统危险因素仍存在不足,例如危险因素相同的个体发生心血管病事件风险存在差异 ,某些不具备传统危险因素的患者仍然发生心血管病事件,接受足量他汀治疗的患者仍有残

动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病是首要致死和致残原因。除血脂异常外,炎症和氧化应激也是动脉粥样硬化病理生理发生和发展的重要机制。目前,国内外指南均建议采用传统危险因素为基础的模型预测动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的短期和长期风险[1,2] 。

但是,仅采用传统危险因素仍存在不足,例如危险因素相同的个体发生心血管病事件风险存在差异 ,某些不具备传统危险因素的患者仍然发生心血管病事件,接受足量他汀治疗的患者仍有残留风险等。生物标志物被认为是传统危险评估的重要补充手段。与C-反应蛋白(CRP)不同,脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA2)是具有血管特异性的炎症标志物,研究发现Lp-PLA2为冠心病和缺血性卒中的独立危险因素。新近美国FDA批准其用于预测冠心病和缺血性卒中风险。为了积极探索有临床应用价值的生物标志物,使临床医生更好理解并合理使用Lp-PLA2,中国老年学学会心脑血管病专业委员会和中国医师协会检验医师分会心脑血管病专家委员会组织心血管内科、神经内科和检验科等相关领域专家,讨论并建议如下。

一、Lp-PLA2的生物学特性

Lp-PLA2是磷脂酶超家族中的亚型之一,也被称为是血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶,由血管内膜中的巨噬细胞、T细胞和肥大细胞分泌。动脉粥样硬化斑块中Lp-PLA2表达上调[3],并且在易损斑块纤维帽的巨噬细胞中强表达。Lp-PLA2可水解氧化 低密度脂蛋白ox-LDL中的氧化磷脂,生成脂类促炎物质,如溶血卵磷脂和氧化游离脂肪酸,进而产生多种致动脉粥样硬化作用,包括内皮细胞死亡和内皮功能异常,刺激粘附因子和细胞因子的产生。这些物质可通过趋化炎症细胞进一步产生自我强化的循环,生成更多促炎物质[4]。

释放到血液循环中的Lp-PLA2主要与富含载脂蛋白(Apo)B的脂蛋白结合,低密度脂蛋白(LDL)占80%,其余与高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、脂蛋白a[Lp(a)]和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)结合[5]。在动脉粥样硬化性疾病患者中,Lp-PLA2水平与LDL亚组分水平呈正相关[6]。

二、Lp-PLA2的临床检测

(一)Lp-PLA2测定方法

可通过测定血清(浆)Lp-PLA2活性及质量两种方式反映Lp-PLA2水平,临床上推荐测定血清Lp-PLA2质量,目前已有可供临床检测使用的商品化试剂盒。主要采用有发光免疫测定和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),前者以上转发光免疫分析为代表,具有操作简单、结果稳定、重复性好等特点;后者以PLAC法为代表,操作略显复杂,影响因素多,但作为高通量检测,可满足大样本检测需求。

Lp-PLA2受生理变异很小,基本不受体位改变和日常活动的影响,故标本采集时无需固定体位和时间,无需空腹,但测定前2h应避免剧烈运动。Lp-PLA2检测样本可采用乙二胺四乙酸二钾(EDTA-K2)、肝素抗凝血浆、枸橼酸钠抗凝血浆及血清均可。抽血后尽快分离出血浆(清)并及时测定,标本2-8℃可保存1周,-20℃可贮存3个月,-70°C可保存时间更长(最好用血清,可稳定保存5年以上)。

(二) Lp-PLA2的参考区间

Lp-PLA2水平受性别和种族影响[7-8],国外报道成人血清Lp-PLA2参考区间男性为131~376(平均251)μg/L(ng/mL),女性为120~342(平均为174)μg/L(ELISA)。女性低于男性,可能与雌激素水平有关,正在接受激素替代治疗的女性Lp-PLA2水平较低[9],但其差别尚不足以影响参考区间。建议Lp-PLA2<200μg/L为正常水平,200-223μg/L为中度升高,≥223μg/L为升高[3]。目前国内尚无大规模Lp-PLA2水平人群研究及适合国人的参考区间报道,建议各实验室建立自己的参考区间。国内小规模研究[10]提示Lp-PLA2水平<175μg/L 为正常,如大于175μg/L提示心血管事件风险增加。

(三) Lp-PLA2与冠心脏病的研究证据

研究提示随Lp-PLA2水平升高,冠心病和卒中风险增加,尤其是老年人和无症状的动脉粥样硬化疾病人群。32项前瞻性研究包括79036患者的荟萃分析纳入了无血管性疾病、稳定性血管疾病和急性血管疾病30d的患者[11],结果显示Lp-PLA2水平均与冠心病和血管性死亡呈线性对数相关。校正常规危险因素后,Lp-PLA2水平对冠心病、缺血性卒中、血管性死亡、非血管性死亡的风险比分别为1.11 (1.07~1.16)、1.14 (1.02~1.27) 、1.13 (1.05~1.22)、1.10 (1.03~1.18)。

1.无症状高危人群:Lp-PLA2对不同性别预测冠心病的价值不同。WOSCOPS 研究入选6000例血脂异常的男性,该研究的巢式病例对照分析显示[12],校正已知心血管危险因素和其他炎症指标后,Lp-PLA2水平升高的患者发生心血管病事件的RR为1.18(95%CI 1.05~1.33),Lp-PLA2水平在最高四分位数的患者冠心病风险增加2倍。单因素分析显示CRP、白细胞计数、纤维蛋白原和Lp-PLA2水平均与心脏事件危险相关,但是CRP和白细胞计数仅在最高水平与事件相关,而各不同水平Lp-PLA2均与心脏事件相关。但以女性为研究对象的WHS研究[13]发现Lp-PLA2水平与LDL-C相关(R=0.51),接受雌激素替代治疗者最低。校正其他危险因素后,Lp-PLA2水平不能预测心血管事件(冠心病、非致死性心肌梗死和卒中),但hs-CRP 水平与事件相关。这可能与患者接受雌激素替代治疗相关。

Lp-PLA2水平可预测健康中年人群冠心病的风险。ARIC研究[14]入选了12819例健康中年人,经过6年随访608例发生冠心病事件患者Lp-PLA2和CRP水平均高于对照组,Lp-PLA2最高四分数患者危险比为1.78[95%CI1.33~2.38],LDL-C水平较低患者(<3.38mmol/L)的Lp-PLA2和CRP水平均与冠心病事件相关,二者同时升高风险最高。
Lp-PLA2是老年人冠心病风险的独立预测因子。Rancho Bernardo研究对无冠心病史的1077 名老年社区居民随访16 年,与最低四分位数相比,较高Lp-PLA2 水平预测冠心病风险的危险比分别为1.66、1.80 和1.89(p 均< 0.05)。校正CRP 与其它冠心病风险因素后仍然有意义[15]。

由于Lp-PLA2主要与LDL结合,调脂药物对Lp-PLA2影响最大,他汀类药物能显著降低Lp-PLA2血浆水平[16]。PRINCE研究 [17] 显示氟伐他汀治疗12周后,与安慰剂比较治疗组Lp-PLA2含量下降22.1%;Lp-PLA2含量变化与LDL-C水平变化呈中等程度正相关。而非诺贝特可提高HDL相关的Lp-PLA2[18]。他汀治疗可影响Lp-PLA2的预测价值。

JUPITOR 研究[19]发现在随机治疗前测定的Lp-PLA2水平与LDL-C水平中等程度相关,瑞舒伐他汀组Lp-PLA2水平分别下降33%,LDL-C下降48.7%。安慰剂组患者Lp-PLA2水平与心血管事件相关,而他汀治疗组患者Lp-PLA2水平不能预测心血管病事件风险。

2. 稳定性冠心病:Lp-PLA2 水平可预测冠心病患者心血管事件复发风险。PEACE研究[20]入选了3766例稳定性冠心病患者,随访4.8年后,随Lp-PLA2 水平升高,复合心血管病事件(心血管死亡、心肌梗死、冠状动脉血运重建术、心绞痛住院或卒中)发生率明显升高;且Lp-PLA2水平是非致死性心血管病事件的独立危险因素。Brilakis等[21]研究中504例接受冠状动脉造影患者的Lp-PLA2水平与病变程度相关,且Lp-PLA2升高与心血管事件的高发生率相关。Ludwigshafen危险和心血管健康研究[22]显示,2454例经冠状动脉造影证实的冠心病患者的Lp-PLA2水平与LDL-C、ApoB 水平和非HDL-C水平高度相关,而与hs-CRP和纤维蛋白原无关。此外,Lp-PLA2水平与冠心病严重程度和病变支数相关。在未经他汀治疗患者中,Lp-PLA2水平与冠心病风险明确相关。

3.急性冠脉综合征(ACS):动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂是导致急性血栓事件的主要机制,Lp-PLA2是导致斑块易损性增加的重要原因。对一组颈动脉内膜剥脱术患者研究显示,发生心血管事件患者的颈动脉斑块中Lp-PLA2水平较高[23]。朱雁洲等[24]分析ACS、稳定性冠心病及非冠心病者hs-CRP、Lp-PLA2 和血管内超声组织学特征,结果hs-CRP 和 Lp-PLA2 水平均与粥样斑块组织坏死的面积大小呈正相关。支持Lp-PLA2 是易损斑块的炎症标志物。

ACS急性期患者Lp-PLA2水平与预后相关性研究结果并不一致。PROVE-IT TIMI22研究亚组分析[25]发现急性期后30d测定的Lp-PLA2是独立于LDL和CRP的预后指标。一项社区急性心肌梗死患者的研究[26]提示急性期测定的Lp-PLA2与1年死亡率相关,提示Lp-PLA2可能不受急性炎症事件的影响,而是血管炎症的特异性指标。

但来自2项急性心肌梗死患者的前瞻性研究(FRISC Ⅱ和GUSTOⅣ)[27]后续分析显示,尽管ACS患者Lp-PLA2水平较健康对照组较高,但与已知的危险因素相关性较弱,且与ACS患者事件复发无关。同样,MIRACLE研究[28]中ACS患者入选时基线测定的Lp-PLA2水平与主要终点事件无关。同时发现,阿托伐他汀明显降低Lp-PLA2水平,可溶性PLA2与死亡相关。

NOMAS研究[29]连续检测心肌梗死前后Lp-PLA2水平变化,与hs-CRP上升的趋势不同,Lp-PLA2水平在急性期后呈逐渐下降趋势(每年5%),由梗死前的平均233 ng/ml下降至平均153.9 ng/ml,Lp-PLA2含量受LDL-C水平的影响。加拿大的一项研究[30]观察ACS急性期(48h)含量【(143.13±60.88)ng/ml】明显高于恢复期(12周)【(88.74±39.12)ng/ml】,而稳定性冠心病【(121.72±31.11)ng/ml】也较ACS恢复期高。

综上,ACS患者Lp-PLA2水平与心血管病事件相关性结果并非一致,可能与ACS事件后Lp-PLA2的动态变化有关。其他原因还包括:人种不同导致Lp-PLA2基因多态性差异,测定时间窗不同,测定方法不同,不同研究的基线Lp-PLA2水平差别较大。

(四)Lp-PLA2与卒中的研究证据

Lp-PLA2水平与首次卒中风险相关。Rotterdam亚组研究 [31]入选1822例社区居民,平均随访6.4年,校正传统危险因子和hs-CRP后,Lp-PLA2水平最高四分位数者的缺血性卒中风险为最低四分位数者的2倍。ARIC研究[14]也证实即使经过hs-CRP等危险因素调整,Lp-PLA2水平最高四分位数者的卒中风险为最低者的2倍。针对老年高危人群的PROSPER研究[32]发现基线测定的Lp-PLA2水平与血管事件呈中等程度相关,但是与卒中事件无关。与Lp-PLA2水平最低四分位数患者比较,最高四分位患者风险增加(活性测定HR=1.25,95%CI1.02~1.54,质量测定HR=1.39 (CI 1.14~1.70)。

此外,Lp-PLA2水平还可预测卒中复发的风险。急性缺血性卒中发生后Lp-PLA2水平急剧降低,由卒中前平均210 ng/ml下降到169.4ng/ml。如卒中后Lp-PLA2水平仍高,预示卒中复发和心血管事件风险增加[29]。Hasan Kara等[33]检测102例急性卒中和98例非卒中患者的hs-CRP水平和Lp-PLA2水平,并通过磁共振成像估算病灶的体积。发现缺血病灶体积越大,hs-CRP水平和Lp-PLA2水平越高。一项美国研究发现,急性短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)(n = 167)患者Lp-PLA2水平升高,均与动脉粥样硬化病因学相关,而Lp-PLA2与早期复发性卒中或死亡相关[34]。急性TIA西班牙患者人群研究也报告了类似的结果,即Lp-PLA2与大血管疾病相关,也与7-30d内的早期复发性脑血管事件相关[35]。一项稍大的研究纳入急性卒中和TIA患者,发现Lp-PLA2与6个月时的复发性事件相关[36]。

一组首次发生卒中的患者研究[37]提示Lp-PLA2 浓度最高四分位的患者相较于浓度最低四分位患者,卒中复发风险增大(校正风险比,2.08;95%CI,1.04-4.18),卒中复发、心肌梗死、血管性死亡事件风险增大(校正风险比,1.86;95%CI,1.01-3.42)。而同时测定的hs-CRP水平与卒中严重程度和死亡风险相关。与其他原因引起的卒中不同,动脉粥样硬化狭窄相关的卒中和TIA复发风险显著较高[38]。因此,Lp-PLA2作为不稳定粥样硬化斑块的标志物,可能识别动脉粥样硬化狭窄的机制导致的TIA和卒中事件,Lp-PLA2水平较高代表疾病复发风险较高。

五、临床应用建议

危险因素协作组发表的荟萃分析纳入37项前瞻性队列研究的165544例患者,结果显示在传统临床危险因素和总胆固醇及HDL-C基础上,增加Lp-PLA2可轻微提高预测模型的效力,如根据美国国家胆固醇教育计划的成人治疗的专家组Ⅲ(NCEP-ATPⅢ)的危险分层,增加Lp-PLA2测定后,使2.7%的患者危险分层上升到高危而需要他汀治疗[39]。

美国心脏病学会基金会(ACCF)/美国心脏协会(AHA)2010无症状成人心血管风险评估指南[2]建议:可考虑对中等风险的无症状成人进行Lp-PLA2检测以进一步评估心血管事件的风险(推荐级别Ⅱb)。2013年ACCF/AHA心血管危险评估指南[40]建议:无症状的一级预防患者,经过危险评估后仍然不能确定是否需要治疗的患者可考虑采用新标志物评估。2011年AHA/美国卒中协会卒中一级预防指南[41]建议:检测炎症指标如hs-CRP或Lp-PLA2可以识别卒中高风险患者(推荐级别Ⅱb,证据水平B)。欧洲心脏病学学会2012心血管疾病预防临床实践指南[42]建议:急性动脉粥样硬化血栓形成事件复发高风险患者可检测Lp-PLA2以进一步评估复发风险(推荐级别Ⅱb,证据水平B)。

基于上述研究证据和国际指南的建议,推荐以下人群可检测Lp-PLA2水平以预测心血管病事件风险:(1)无症状高危人群的筛查:尤其是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病中等危险的人群,在传统危险因素评估的基础上检测Lp-PLA2以进一步评估未来心血管疾病的风险。(2)已接受他汀治疗且胆固醇水平控制较好的患者,Lp-PLA2水平可提高心血管病事件风险预测价值。(3)发生急性血栓事件的患者,包括ACS和动脉粥样硬化性缺血性卒中患者,Lp-PLA2有助于远期风险评估,如与hs-CRP联合检测可提高预测价值。

执笔者(姓氏拼音顺序):孙艺红(北京大学人民医院),鄢盛恺(中日友好医院)
专家组成员(姓氏拼音顺序):丛玉隆(解放军总医院),胡大一(北京大学人民医院),康熙雄(首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院),胡敏(中南大学湘雅二医院),李建军(中国医学科学院 阜外心血管病医院),刘金来(中山大学附属第三医院),刘梅颜(首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院),孙艺红(北京大学人民医院),王拥军(首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院),鄢盛恺(中日友好医院),张真路(武汉亚洲心脏病医院)

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[24] 保雁|,陈良龙,罗育坤,等.脂蛋白相关磷脂酶 A2 与血管内 超声虚拟 组织学斑块特征的关系及临床意义[J] .临床心血 管病杂志,2010,26(4):287-290.
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原始出处:

脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2中临床应用中国专家建议.中华心血管病杂志,2015年10月第43卷第10期.

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    2017-05-14 135****7952平儿

    学习了。。。。。

    0

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    2017-04-16 flysky120

    指南有帮助

    0

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    2016-08-20 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习

    0

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    2016-08-20 doctorJiangchao

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