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大剂量吗啡/舒芬太尼PCSA治疗难治性癌痛1例

2019-07-14 陈丽 刘小立 杨娟丽 中国疼痛医学杂志

2017年6月我科收治1例难治性癌性疼痛病人,男性,27岁,主因上颌骨骨肉瘤综合治疗后复发,颌面部疼痛入院。病人既往行上颌骨手术治疗2次,并行多周期放化疗治疗,此次以颌面部疼痛主诉入院,已属晚期,无放化疗指征。

1.一般资料
 
2017年6月我科收治1例难治性癌性疼痛病人,男性,27岁,主因上颌骨骨肉瘤综合治疗后复发,颌面部疼痛入院。病人既往行上颌骨手术治疗2次,并行多周期放化疗治疗,此次以颌面部疼痛主诉入院,已属晚期,无放化疗指征。
 
入院后查口腔及颈部MRI提示左侧颌骨体周围多发占位,后鼻道内软组织影增多,左侧颈血管多发淋巴结转移,左侧眼眶骨质信号不均,考虑受侵。病人左侧颌面部刀割样疼痛,伴左眼部胀痛,口服“盐酸羟考酮缓释片”60mg,12小时1次,及“氨酚羟考酮”1片,每日4次,并皮下注射液吗啡针10mg,每日2次,疼痛仍难以忍受。
 
2.治疗过程及结果
 
入院后首先将盐酸羟考酮缓释片加量至100mg,12小时1次,考虑病人头面部疼痛有神经病理性疼痛因素存在,予以口服加巴喷丁胶囊0.3g,每日3次,病人疼痛控制尚可。住院期间因病情逐渐进展,疼痛加剧,且病人张口困难,口服药物困难,改为持续皮下泵注吗啡。按照等效剂量计算24h给药剂量(羟考酮:吗啡=1:1.5;口服:皮下:静脉=3:2:1;由口服换为皮下途径时,实际给药剂量降为换算剂量的1/2至2/3),吗啡剂量以6mg/h皮下泵入,冲击剂量为每次10mg,经滴定后将基础量调为8mg/h,视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)<3,维持3周。后期病人颌面部肿瘤生长迅速,双眼不能视物,情绪波动较大,爆发痛频繁,每日皮下泵注吗啡量>240mg,仍然有疼痛,遂更换皮下泵注舒芬太尼注射液。
 
按舒芬太尼:吗啡=1:1000进行换算,5μg/h起皮下泵注,经滴定后逐渐调为30μg/h,疼痛控制满意,并且病人便秘、排尿困难等症状较使用吗啡时明显缓解,病人对综合治疗效果满意,但因皮下泵注舒芬太尼日费用较高,使用10天后再次更换为皮下泵注吗啡,持续量9mg/h,因病人情绪烦躁,极其痛苦,充分与病人家属沟通病情及风险后,我们对其同时联合静脉泵注咪达唑仑注射液行间歇性镇静治疗,镇痛、镇静效果较好,没有爆发痛,病人终末期生活质量有所改善,10天后病人因肺部感染,咳痰困难,呼吸衰竭死亡,病人在临终镇痛联合镇静状态下安然去世,家属对终末期病人的治疗满意。
 
3.讨论
 
依据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)三阶梯镇痛治疗原则和NCCN成人癌痛指南进行治疗,80%~90%肿瘤病人的疼痛得到有效控制,10%~20%病人的疼痛属于难治性疼痛。难治性癌痛是指由肿瘤本身或肿瘤治疗相关因素导致的中、重疼痛,经过规范化药物治疗1~2周病人疼痛缓解仍不满意和(或)不良反应不可耐受。
 
口服给药是大多数癌痛病人的首选,当病人出现下述三种情况时,可考虑病人自控镇痛(Patient-controlled analgesia,PCA)方式:①爆发痛频繁;②吞咽困难或肠道障碍;③终末期病人的镇痛治疗。病人皮下自控镇痛(patient-controlled subcutaneousan algesia,PCSA)是通过皮下留置针途径给药,不仅操作简单,而且对病人日常活动影响轻微,留置针单次留置时间一般为7天,最长时间可留置14天,是晚期癌痛病人较适宜的镇痛方式。
 
常用药物:吗啡注射液、舒芬太尼注射液、氢吗啡酮注射液等。吗啡注射液是治疗癌痛时使用PCA方法的常用药,但在临床观察中,大部分病人皮下泵注吗啡超过240mg/24h时,皮下留置针穿刺周围易出现皮下硬结,穿刺针周围疼痛,药物吸收不佳,且留置针留置时间短,所以我们将吗啡日剂量超过240mg者称为皮下大剂量吗啡使用者,需要更换其他阿片类药物,或改为静脉、鞘内等其它给药途径。舒芬太尼是高选择性μ受体激动剂,其镇痛强度大约是吗啡的500~1000倍,但需要个体化换算。
 
此病人的舒芬太尼等效剂量约为吗啡的300倍。脂溶性高,易于透过组织屏障,对皮肤刺激小,经皮下给药后快速吸收人血液,无活性代谢产物。舒芬太尼分布容积小(1.7L/kg),消除半衰期短(160min),清除率高(12.7ml/kg·min),故在组织中无明显蓄积现象。舒芬太尼在肝内经生物转化,随尿液和胆汁排出,以原型从尿中排出的舒芬太尼小于1%,因此它适于持续输注。该病人使用舒芬太尼镇痛治疗确实取得良好效果。
 
通过此例病人应用PSCA方法治疗难治性癌痛的经过,我们提出了PSCA泵入阿片类药物达到240mg/24h吗啡等效剂量者为大剂量应用,需要采取进一步的治疗措施;采用PCSA镇痛更适合于持续性疼痛并且阿片需要量为低-中等剂量的病人;同时针对该病人癌痛的治疗方法中,包括给药途径选择、药物等效剂量换算、阿片类药物轮换等方法,为临床上治疗难治性癌痛提供了参考。
 
原始出处:

陈丽,刘小立,杨娟丽,宛春甫,史学莲,杨书芳.大剂量吗啡/舒芬太尼PCSA治疗难治性癌痛1例报道[J].中国疼痛医学杂志,2018,24(07):559-560.

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    2019-09-20 Tamikia
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    2019-07-16 showtest
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    2019-07-16 xue8602
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    2019-07-16 freve
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