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脾硬化性血管瘤结节性转化CT和MRI表现一例

2019-11-22 杜倩 鲍柱擎 临床放射学杂志

患者女,54岁。因“右侧结节性甲状腺肿”来院就诊,入院行CT增强检查示脾下极见一约2.9 cm×3.4 cm×4.4 cm团块状稍低密度影,密度均匀,边界清楚,周围似可见包膜,增强扫描病灶呈渐进性强化,延迟期病灶密度与脾相近呈等密度(图1A~E)。MRI增强示脾下方肿块呈稍长T1、稍短T2信号,信号欠均匀,边界清楚。扩散加权成像(DWI)呈低信号。增强扫描肿块动脉期强化不明显,门静脉至延迟期呈渐进

患者女,54岁。因“右侧结节性甲状腺肿”来院就诊,入院行CT增强检查示脾下极见一约2.9 cm×3.4 cm×4.4 cm团块状稍低密度影,密度均匀,边界清楚,周围似可见包膜,增强扫描病灶呈渐进性强化,延迟期病灶密度与脾相近呈等密度(图1A~E)。MRI增强示脾下方肿块呈稍长T1、稍短T2信号,信号欠均匀,边界清楚。扩散加权成像(DWI)呈低信号。增强扫描肿块动脉期强化不明显,门静脉至延迟期呈渐进性强化,5min延迟与正常脾相比为稍高信号(图2,3)。





图1A~E CT图像。A.CT平扫,病灶呈稍低密度;B~D.增强扫描,病灶呈均匀渐进强化,延迟期呈等密度;E.门静脉期冠状位重组图像;图2A~F MR图像。A、B.T1WI同反相位,病灶呈均匀稍长T1信号;C、D.T2WI抑脂序列,病灶为不均匀稍短T2信号;E.DWI图,病灶呈稍低信号;F.冠状位T2WI抑脂图像,病灶位于脾下极,呈不均匀稍低信号,边界清晰;图3A~D MR T1WILAVA增强图像,病灶呈较均匀渐进强化,可见“轮辐征”。延迟期信号稍高于正常强化脾
 
开腹手术探查:肝脏、壁、小肠壁、肠系膜、大网膜及盆腔可扪及0.2~0.5 cm大小不等广泛结节样肿物,质地中等偏硬,表面不光滑。脾下极可见灰白色肿瘤性病变,约4.5 cm×3.0 cm,边界不清晰,表面不光滑,无完整包膜,质硬,脾门未扪及明显肿大淋巴结。术中诊断脾恶性肿瘤并腹腔内广泛种植转移可能。
 
行脾切除术+壁肿块切除术+大网膜活检术,并分别送病检。病理检查:大体所见脾肿物大小约10.5 cm×9.5 cm×4.0 cm,灰红色,临床已切开,切面见一灰白灰红色结节,直径约3.5 cm,表面凹凸不平,实性质稍韧,与周围组织界限不清,余脾切面灰红,实性质软,未见明显异常(图4)。镜下观察肿物呈分叶状结构,外围纤维组织增生,呈“洋葱皮”样生长并玻璃样变性,中央可见大量毛细血管增生,充血水肿;内皮细胞肿胀,淋巴细胞和浆细胞弥漫性浸润,局部可见少量大细胞散在其中,胞浆红染,胞核圆形或卵圆形,核空泡状,可见大核仁(图5A、B)。免疫组织化学:actin(+),ALK(+),CD30(+),CD31(血管+),CD34(血管+),CD68(+),CK(-),VIII(+),h-cadlsomon(-),LCA(-),SMA(+),Vimentin(+),病理诊断为脾硬化性血管瘤结节状转化。胃壁肿物病检结果为平滑肌瘤伴钙化;大网膜结节病检为纤维组织瘤样增生伴钙化。



图4脾肿物大体标本。切面见一灰白灰红色结节,表面凹凸不平,实性质稍韧,与周围组织界限不清



图5A、B镜下示肿物呈分叶状结构,外围纤维组织增生,呈“洋葱皮”样生长并玻璃样变性,中央可见大量毛细血管增生,充血水肿;内皮细胞肿胀,淋巴细胞和浆细胞弥漫性浸润,局部可见少量大细胞散在其中,胞浆红染,胞核圆形或卵圆形,核空泡状,可见大核仁(HE10×10)
 
讨论
 
脾硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化(sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation,SANT)是2004年由Martel等首次提出的病理描述性诊断,认为SANT是一种包括炎性假瘤在内的脾损伤的终末病变,是脾红髓对间质过度增生发生的独特转化,而非肿瘤性。SANT的发病机制在国内外文献报道中有多种假设:有人认为SANT是血管瘤的一种,发生了结节样转化,亦有认为是特殊类型的错构瘤或炎性假瘤,还有人推测可能是从机化的血肿演化而来。目前尚无定论。
 
SANT具有特征性的病理组织学形态:镜下为多结节性血管瘤样结构,结节中心可见多种细胞成分围成的血管腔隙,内衬肥胖的内皮细胞,血管腔内可含有大量红细胞。结节周围常有致密的纤维组织包绕,胶原化或玻璃样变。Fletcher等认为SANT血管腔隙有三种免疫表达:窦内皮细胞中(CD34阴性、CD31阳性和CD8阳性)、毛细血管内皮细胞中(CD34阳性、CD31阳性和CD8阴性)和小静脉中(阴性、CD31阳性CD8阴性)。此外,结节内梭形或卵圆形细胞可有不同程度的CD68和SMA(+);但CD21、CD35和desmin(-),本例CD31(血管+),CD34(血管+),CD68(+),SMA(+),与文献报道一致。
 
SANT以中年患者多见,多见于女性,男∶女比约1∶2。既往文献亦有个别儿童病例报道,吴主强等报道的1例3岁儿童是目前文献报道中年龄最小者。本病多为单发,极少数为多发。SANT无典型临床表现,多数病例无临床症状,多在其他疾病或体检时偶然发现。少数患者可有上腹部不适、食欲不振、乏力等症状。本例病变因结节性甲状腺肿行腹部检查时发现。手术探查腹腔内肝脏、胃壁、小肠壁、肠系膜、大网膜及盆腔内可扪及多发结节,其中胃壁结节为平滑肌瘤伴钙化,大网膜结节为纤维组织瘤样增生伴钙化。既往未见文献报道此类特征。
 
结合相关文献报道,总结SANTCT及MRI表现有以下特征:(1)平扫SANT多为单发肿块,少数多发。单发病灶多为边界清晰的类圆形肿块,病灶内可见出血,无坏死囊变,部分病例周围可见假包膜,部分可有小钙化。T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI上多呈不均匀低信号,DWI呈低信号,同时同相位较反相位信号减低,这些低信号特征为病灶内含铁血黄素沉积所致;(2)增强扫描有以下几种强化方式:病灶呈进行性、渐进性强化,门静脉期及延迟扫描与脾呈等密度。
 
师杰等报道的1例病灶动脉期周边呈结节状强化,门静脉期从周边向中央进行性强化,延迟期呈全瘤灶强化且密度稍高于脾,呈血管瘤样表现。石双任等报道的CT表现动脉期为周边结节样强化,可见“辐条轮征”,门静脉期及延迟扫描中心可见“星芒征”。
 
Karaosmanoglu等报道SANT的MRI增强显示动脉期及门静脉期病变呈边缘环状强化和向心性的辐射状强化,对比剂从病变边缘逐渐向中心充填,延迟期病变与脾呈等信号或高于脾,低信号的“星芒”状中心持续存在,这种强化形态被称为“辐条轮征”,于CT及MRI上均可见,是SANT特征性的影像表现。本例为单发肿块,边界清晰,T2WI及DWI呈不均匀低信号,增强呈较均匀渐进性强化,边缘未见结节样强化,未见坏死囊变,延迟期病灶与正常脾实质相比呈等密度,MR延迟期呈稍高信号,于门静脉期可见“辐条轮征”,这些与既往文献报道特点相符。综合文献报道总结,SANT的影像表现有一定的特征性,如单发实性占位病变,CT呈等或稍低密度,T2WI及DWI呈不均匀低信号,无囊变及坏死,增强扫描呈渐进性强化,特别是充填式强化,并见“星芒征”、“辐条轮征”及延迟期“裂隙征”等,以及病灶周围假包膜的出现均是本病较有特征性的诊断。
 
Kuo等对10例SANT的研究中发现有5例(50%)伴发有多发性钙化纤维性肿瘤。本例亦并有腹膜多发纤维组织瘤样增生钙化结节,该征象与SANT的发生是否有特征性的关联,尚需更多病例支持。手术切除是治疗SANT最好的根治性方法,预后良好,目前国内外无SANT脾切除术后复发及转移的报道。
 
原始出处:

杜倩,鲍柱擎.脾硬化性血管瘤结节性转化CT和MRI表现一例[J].临床放射学杂志,2018,37(06):1008-1010.

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患者女,71岁。因“查上腹部CT平扫发现脾脏实质内低密度影”,于2017年10月26日入院。体格检查:腹软,无肠型及蠕动波,左上腹轻度压痛,轻度肌紧张,无叩击痛及反跳痛,肝脾肋下未触及。超声检查:于脾门区可探及一大小约32.9mm×345mm×36.1mm的类圆形稍低回声团,与脾分界不清,病灶内可见声影;CDFI:病灶内未见明显血流信号。

脾硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化1例

病人男,55岁,于4年前体检B超发现脾占位,无腹痛腹胀、恶心呕吐、腹泻黑便、发热寒战等症状。自发现脾病变以来健康状况良好,大小便正常,体质量无著变。否认高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等慢性病史,否认结核等传染病史,否认重大外伤手术史、输血史及食物过敏史。

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