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Nature:人类进化在精神疾病中发挥了怎样的作用

2017-11-06 佚名 大话精神

人类基因组数据库使研究人员能够更深入地研究精神疾病的演变过程。

人类基因组数据库使研究人员能够更深入地研究精神疾病的演变过程。

精神疾病可能会使人逐渐虚弱,而且这些疾病往往涉及遗传因素,但却并没有在漫长的进化过程中消失。近期,有研究开始揭示自然选择在精神疾病中的作用,可窥见精神疾病的基因如何随着时间发生变化。

许多精神疾病可能涉及成百上千的基因和DNA突变。要追踪如此多的基因非常困难,而这需要大量的基因组数据库。人类基因组数据库的出现使研究人员能够发现精神疾病与环境和社会因素之间的联系。有些研究人员对尼安德特人的基因序列进行研究,以帮助寻找这些疾病的谱图,并对认知功能进行解释。这一团队10月下旬在佛罗里达州奥兰多举办的美国人类遗传学学会会议上展示了他们的研究成果。

进化对于精神分裂症是敌是友?

其中一项研究发现,人类在进化过程中选择DNA变异来保护自己免受精神分裂症的侵扰。这项研究由伊利诺斯州芝加哥大学的人口遗传学家Barbara Stranger领导,使用统计方法对过去2000年的数十万人类基因组进行研究。同时,他发现与其他精神疾病相关的基因区域没有选择的迹象。

加拿大西蒙弗雷泽大学的进化生物学家Bernard Crespi说,精神分裂症的许多症状,比如幻听和语言混乱都与大脑的语言相关区域有关。在人类进化过程中,语言能力不断优化,但在这一过程中,语言区域所涉及的基因不可避免出现一些小的“故障”,并导致有一小部分人出现精神分裂症。

另一个由耶鲁大学的人类遗传学家Renato Polimanti领导的研究小组正试图梳理出环境因素、精神疾病和行为特征之间的联系。Polimanti和他的同事们观察了欧洲23个地方的2455个DNA样本,并对每个人的精神障碍的总体遗传风险进行了量化,如自闭症以及人格特征(如外向型)。然后,他们计算这种风险是否与某些环境因素(如降雨量、冬季温度或传染病的流行程度)有关,探索这些因素可能与人类特征选择有关。

他们发现,生活在冬季气温相对较低的欧洲地区的人,更容易患上精神分裂症。Polimanti认为,如果能帮助人们抵御寒冬的基因与促进精神分裂症基因突变密切相关,那么后者可能在进化过程中被无意中当做“同路人”。

范德比尔特大学的进化遗传学家Tony Capra:“这是首次对与精神疾病有关的多基因变异的尝试。”Polimanti现在计划在世界其他地方重复这项研究。

支持亦或反对

然而,想解开遗传因素和环境因素之间的联系非常困难,因为在过去未知的环境条件下,人类的选择对于当时是有利的,而在如今可能恰恰相反。其他的进化因素可能间接导致精神疾病。Stranger说,一个过度活跃的免疫系统被认为参与了许多精神疾病,比如抑郁症,但是更强大的免疫系统会使人类的祖先抵抗疾病。

一些研究人员通过不同的视角探索精神疾病的进化史——通过观察尼安德特人和人类组织中的基因活性的可能差异。Capra和人类遗传学家Laura Colbran领导的一个小组使用了现代人类基因组的数据库,找到了DNA标记物,表明一个基因在身体的不同组织受到不同的调节。然后他们在两个尼安德特人的基因组中寻找这些标志物。该团队发现,与人类相比,尼安德特人大脑中与神经发育相关的基因受到了不同的调节。

因此,虽然基因的DNA序列在人类和尼安德特人都存在,如FOXP2(与语言相关),但人类大脑可能产生更多的相关蛋白,从而提高了语言能力。研究结果最终可能会使研究人员更好地了解尼安德特人的大脑是如何运作的,清楚他们与人类大脑是否相似,以及他们是否可能患有类似的精神疾病。

Capra说,在研究精神疾病进化史方面仍处于早期阶段,但使用大规模人类基因组数据库的能力是一个令人兴奋的巨大进步。他和他的同事计划对尼安德特人和人类之间的基因差异进行调查,寻找基因表达的差异。

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    2018-03-27 一叶知秋
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    2017-11-19 神功盖世

    进化的精神障碍

    0

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    2017-11-09 sunfeifeiyang

    进化性精神障碍

    0

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    2017-11-07 sunfeifeiyang

    进化与精神障碍

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    2017-11-06 wqkm

    ^_^^_^^_^^_^

    0

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