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昆虫叮咬后急性泛发性发疹性脓疱病 1 例

2018-12-14 邓琳 李梦华 肖明 临床皮肤科杂志

急性泛发性发疹性脓疱病(AGEP)是一种少见的 泛发性全身无菌性脓疱病。昆虫皮炎引起的 AGEP 报 道少见。现将我科诊治 1 例昆虫引起 AGEP 报告如下。

急性泛发性发疹性脓疱病(AGEP)是一种少见的 泛发性全身无菌性脓疱病。昆虫皮炎引起的 AGEP 报 道少见。现将我科诊治 1 例昆虫引起 AGEP 报告如下。

1 病历摘要

患者女, 33 岁。全身红斑伴发热 4 d,于 2016 年 6 月 14 日来我院就诊。4 d 前患者自觉左侧肩部被虫咬 伤(昆虫具体种类未经鉴定),数分钟后颈部出现红肿伴 疼痛和瘙痒;第 2 天肩、颈部红肿加重,伴发热,T 38 ℃。 就诊当天社区医院予微泵注射地塞米松及葡萄糖酸 钙,口服氯雷他定及外用糖皮质激素,症状未缓解。皮 损逐渐发展至躯干和四肢,呈大片水肿性红斑,其上密 集针尖至米粒大脓疱伴灼痛感,T 39 ℃。患者既往体 健,无系统或外用药用药史,家族中无类似疾病患者及 银屑病史。 体格检查:T 39 ℃,P 112 次/min,呼吸及血压均正 常,各系统检查均正常。皮肤科检查:左侧肩部一 1 cm×1 cm 皮肤浅溃疡,其上可见黑褐色痂皮(图 1A);躯干及四肢大片水肿性红斑,其上可见密集的表浅针 尖至米粒大脓疱,部分融合(图 1B~E),尼氏征阴性。 实验室及辅助检查:血常规中 WBC 14.1×109/L[正 常值(4.0~10.0)×109/L,以下同],白细胞分类:N 0.92 (0.40~0.75),L 0.043(0.200~0.400), C 反应蛋白(CRP) 136 mg/L(<10 mg/L)。二便常规正常。血生化:丙氨酸 氨基转移酶(ALT)94 U/L(5~40 U/L),血钾 3.4 mmol/L (3.5~5.5 mmol/L)。2 次脓疱疱液细菌培养均阴性。腹 部 B 超及胸部 X 射线检查均正常。双侧颈部淋巴结 B 超:双侧颈部多发淋巴结;左侧浅表肿物 B 超:左侧 肩、颈部皮下组织增厚伴回声改变。患者拒绝行皮损 组织病理检查。 诊断:AGEP。 治疗:入院予静脉滴注甲泼尼龙(30 mg,每日 2 次)及复方甘草酸苷(80 mg,每日 1 次)抗炎,静脉滴注 阿洛西林钠(5 g,每日 2 次)抗感染,口服依巴斯丁(10 mg,每日 1 次)、西替利嗪(10 mg,每晚 1 次)及肌内注 射氯苯那敏(10 mg,每晚 1 次)抗过敏。入院第 2~4 天, 躯干及下肢陆续新发小脓疱;第 5 天体温恢复正常,红 斑变淡,脓疱干涸,呈领圈样脱屑,左侧颈部浅表溃疡 愈合脱痂;8 d 后痊愈出院;10 d 后电话随访,未见复发。



2 讨 论

AGEP 由 Beylot 等[1]首次报告并命名,用以描述无 银屑病病史或家族史的患者所发生的由药物或者病毒 感染引起的脓疱病,其发病率为(1~5)/100 万[2]。本病 病因主要与药物有关(>90%),以 β-内酰胺类抗生素 多见,非甾体抗炎药、抗真菌药、抗肿瘤药和抗精神药 也可引起[3]。其他因素包括病毒、微生物、食物中毒、疫 苗及接触汞剂等重金属[4]。本病具体发病机制不明,细 胞介导的免疫反应和药物特异性 T 细胞在 AGEP 发病 中可能起重要作用。AGEP 的角质形成细胞和药物特 异性 CD4+T 细胞通过分泌白细胞介素(IL)-8和粒-巨噬 细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)使中性粒细胞聚集在表 皮内,引起临床和组织病理改变[5];本病也可能是药物 或病毒感染所致的一种同形反应[6]。目前关于昆虫皮炎 引起 AGEP 的报道少见,苏红等[7]报告 1 例隐翅虫皮炎 诱发 AGEP,其认为有可能与隐翅虫受到挤压拍打时 释出的强酸素毒液(岬毒素)有关;程杨等[11]报告 1 例 蜂蛰伤诱发 AGEP,认为有可能与蜂蛰伤时释放的蜂 毒有关。国外报道 5 例因蜘蛛叮咬引起的 AGEP[8-10],其 原因有可能是蜘蛛毒液里的鞘磷脂酶刺激机体细胞因 子和炎症趋化因子的释放,从而产生大量的 IL-8 和 GM-CSF。关于昆虫皮炎诱发 AGEP 的具体机制仍需 要进一步明确。引起本例患者发生 AGEP 的昆虫种类未经确定,笔者怀疑有可能和昆虫本身释放的某种毒 素有关,此毒素引发上述组织病理改变。 AGEP 的临床表现一般包括:①大多数患者有用 药史或者感染史,本例患者有明确的昆虫叮咬史。② 潜伏期短,一般 24~48 h。本例患者颈部出现皮损 2 d 后开始泛发脓疱疹,且皮损与颈部皮损不能作同一性 的解释。③常伴发热,一般 T>38 ℃,多数患者外周血 WBC及中性粒细胞增多。本例患者伴发热及 WBC升 高。④皮损表现为全身弥漫性潮红及肿胀,其上有密 集的非毛囊性小脓疱,轻者尼氏征阴性,重症 AGEP 患者脓疱可融合成脓湖,尼氏征阳性[12]。本例患者皮损 表现符合轻型 AGEP。⑤急性发病,自然病史≤15 d。 本例患者入院 8 d 痊愈出院,后电话随访无复发。⑥本 病组织病理表现为角层下脓疱或表皮内海绵状脓疱 形成,小血管炎性反应,血管周围炎性细胞浸润,可伴 有白细胞碎裂性血管炎变化。⑦预后较好,一般不侵 犯内脏,无严重并发症和后遗症,治疗对糖皮质激素 敏感。本例患者 2 次脓疱细菌培养均阴性,发疹前口 服氯雷他定,无其他用药史,以前未出现类似皮损,无 银屑病史及家族史。虽然患者拒绝行组织病理检查, 但根据患者明确的昆虫皮炎史、皮损表现、全身症状、 实验室检查及对糖皮质激素治疗的敏感性,均符合 AGEP 的诊断。本例患者 AGEP 的发生可能和昆虫性 皮炎有关。

参考文献略。

原始出处:

邓琳,李梦华,肖明,等. 昆虫叮咬后急性泛发性发疹性脓疱病 1 例[J],临床皮肤科杂志,2018,47(11):732-734.

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    2019-01-14 jklm09

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