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新型冠状病毒感染所致脓毒症休克的处理要点

2020-03-20 林晶晶 卢水华 上海市公共卫生临床中心

2019-nCoV肺炎患者以发热、乏力、干咳为主要临床表现,少数患者伴有鼻塞、流涕、腹泻等症状,重症病例多在一周后出现呼吸困难,严重者快速进展为急性呼吸窘迫综合症、脓毒症休克、难以纠正的代谢性酸中毒和

2019-nCoV肺炎患者以发热、乏力、干咳为主要临床表现,少数患者伴有鼻塞、流涕、腹泻等症状,重症病例多在一周后出现呼吸困难,严重者快速进展为急性呼吸窘迫综合症、脓毒症休克、难以纠正的代谢性酸中毒和出凝血功能障碍。其中脓毒症休克的处理是针对重症2019-nCoV肺炎患者的重要治疗手段之一。WHO发布的《怀疑新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染所致严重急性呼吸道感染的临床处理(临时)指南》旨在为临床医生在处理疑似2019-nCoV感染造成SARI的成人或儿童患者时提供建议,且为强化临床处理提供最新指导,而并非替代临床判断或专家意见。脓毒症及脓毒症休克的标准治疗包括早期识别、识别后1小时内的治疗(补液、使用血管活性药物、抗感染治疗)等。

早期识别脓毒症休克

成人脓毒症休克识别

SOFA评分较基线上升≥2分可诊断为脓毒症。

qSOFA(床旁快速SOFA):呼吸频率≥22次/分、意识改变、收缩压≤100 mmHg

在无法检测血乳酸时,可使用MAP和灌注不良的临床体征来定义休克。

儿童脓毒症休克识别

任何低血压(收缩压低于正常年龄相关值的第5百分位数或2个标准差)或符合以下2-3项:精神状态改变;心动过速或心动过缓(婴儿心率<90 bpm或>160 bpm,儿童心率<70 bpm或>150 bpm);毛细血管充盈时间延长(>2秒)或暖休克伴有洪脉;呼吸急促;花斑样皮肤、皮肤瘀点或紫癜;血乳酸增加;少尿;发热或低体温。

文献支持:

1.Mervyn Singer, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3).JAMA. 2016 Feb 23; 315(8): 801–810.
2.Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, Rubenfeld G, Kahn JM, Shankar-Hari M, Singer M, Deutschman CS, Escobar GJ, Angus DC.Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3).JAMA. 2016 Feb 23; 315(8):762-74.

3.Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK, et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2017;45:1061-93.

脓毒症休克的治疗——液体复苏

成人患者脓毒症休克进行复苏时,在前3小时输注至少30 ml/kg等渗晶体溶液。儿童患者脓毒症休克进行复苏时,在资源充足情况下,可快速推注20 ml/kg等渗晶体溶液,在第一小时内最多给予40-60 ml/kg的液体总量。若资源有限,儿童患者建议选择其他处理方案(晶体液包括生理盐水和乳酸林格氏液)。

切勿使用低渗晶体溶液、胶体液或明胶制剂进行复苏。【低渗溶液(相对于等渗溶液)在增加血管内容量的方面效果较差。与晶体液相比,胶体液增加死亡和急性肾损伤的风险。明胶制剂的作用效果尚不明确,且价格高于晶体液。】

治疗中液体反应的监测:被动抬腿试验、容量负荷试验、补液后每搏输出量的变化、收缩压变化、脉压变化及机械通气后胸内压变化等动态检测指标。

治疗中可能出现的不良反应及处理:液体复苏时可能导致容量负荷过度,包括呼吸衰竭。如果对液体负荷无反应,且出现容量负荷过度体征(如颈静脉扩张、听诊闻及肺部啰音、影像学提示肺水肿,或者儿童出现肝肿大),需减少或者停止输液。

备注:根据临床反应和灌注改善情况决定是否需要额外的液体滴注(成人250-1000mL或儿童10-20mL/kg)。灌注改善指标包括MAP(> 65 mmHg或儿童相应年龄的标准),尿量(成人>0.5mL/kg/h,儿童1mL/kg/h)和皮肤花斑的改善、毛细血管再充盈、意识水平和血乳酸水平的改善。根据当地的资源情况和经验,在初步液体复苏后,根据容量反应的动态指数来指导后续的液体输注。这些动态指数包括被动抬腿试验、连续心输出量监测下的快速补液试验、收缩压的动态变化、脉压、下腔静脉宽度,或者机械通气过程中胸腔内压力变化对每搏心输出量的影响。

当脓毒血症患者复苏需要大量晶体液时,可考虑使用白蛋白进行液体复苏(基于低质量的证据推荐)。

文献支持:

1.2018 年“拯救脓毒症运动”对脓毒症集束化治疗进行更新,提出“1小时集束化治疗”策略;有干预试验将起始3小时内给予晶体溶液30 ml/kg作为早期复苏阶段的常规操作,且有观察性研究支持此项操作。

2.Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2018,44(6):925-928.

3.Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR, et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis[J]. Crit Care Med, 2010, 38(2):367-374.

4.Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study[J]. Crit Care Med, 2015, 43(1):3-12

5.中国医师协会急诊医师分会,中国研究型医院学会休克与脓毒症专业委员会.中国脓毒症/脓毒性休克急诊治疗指南(2018)[J].感染、炎症、修复,2019,20(1):3-22.

5.中华医学会儿科学分会急救学组,中华医学会急诊医学分会儿科学组,中国医师协会儿童重症医师分会.儿童脓毒性休克(感染性休克)诊治专家共识(2015版)[J].中华实用儿科临床杂志,2015,30(22):1687-1691.

脓毒症休克的处理 使用血管活性药物

液体复苏中或液体复苏后若休克持续存在,应使用血管活性药物。初始血压目标是成人MAP≥65mmHg,儿童达到相应年龄的标准。(去甲肾上腺素是成人患者治疗的一线药物;可以加用肾上腺素或血管加压素来达到平均动脉压目标;快速性心律失常低风险或者心动过缓的患者中建议使用多巴胺。对于冷休克的儿童患者(较常见),肾上腺素是一线药物;去甲肾上腺素用于暖休克(较少见)的患者。)

文献支持:

临床研究指出与65 mmHg比较,更高的MAP目标值对患者28d 及90d 病死率、尿量、肾功能、动脉乳酸水平等均无显著改善,且可能增加患者心律失常风险。另有研究表明,在年龄大于75 岁的患者中,高MAP目标值与病死率的增加相关。

1.Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF, et al. High versus low bloodpressure target in patients with septic shock[J]. N Engl J Med, 2014, 370(17):1583-1593.

2.Lamontagne F, Meade MO, Hébert PC, et al. Higher versus lower blood pressure targets for vasopressor therapy in shock: a multicentre pilot randomized controlled trial[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2016, 42(4):542-550.

血管活性药物选择(如去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、血管加压素和多巴胺)在严格控制速度的情况下通过中心静脉给药是最安全的,如果无法植入中央静脉导管,通过外周静脉和骨髓针通路给药也是安全的,但要使用大静脉并密切观察渗出和局部组织坏死的迹象,如果发生外渗,停止输液。

如果通过补液和血管活性药物达到了平均动脉压的标准,但仍存在灌注不良和心功能不全的表现,可考虑使用强心药物如多巴酚丁胺。

备注:密切监测血压,使用可保持灌注和维持血压所需的最小剂量的升压药以预防副作用的发生。目前尚无随机对照临床试验比较多巴酚丁胺与安慰剂的临床结局。目前尚无随机对照临床试验比较多巴酚丁胺与安慰剂的临床结局。

文献支持:

2018版《中国脓毒症/脓毒性休克急诊治疗指南》指出推荐去甲肾上腺素作为首选血管加压药(强推荐,中等证据质量);对于快速性心律失常风险低或心动过缓的患者,可将多巴胺作为替代药物(弱推荐,低证据质量);2015版《儿童脓毒性休克(感染性休克)诊治专家共识》指出暖休克时首选去甲肾上腺素,输注剂量0.05-1.00ug/(kg·min),多巴胺用于血容量足够和心脏节律稳定额组织低灌注和低血压患儿,多巴酚丁胺、肾上腺素、米力农、硝普钠等均有各自使用指征。

1.中国医师协会急诊医师分会,中国研究型医院学会休克与脓毒症专业委员会.中国脓毒症/脓毒性休克急诊治疗指南(2018)[J].感染、炎症、修复,2019,20(1):3-22.

2.中华医学会儿科学分会急救学组,中华医学会急诊医学分会儿科学组,中国医师协会儿童重症医师分会.儿童脓毒性休克(感染性休克)诊治专家共识(2015版)[J].中华实用儿科临床杂志,2015,30(22):1687-1691.

血管活性药物治疗过程中的监测:密切监测血压,使用可保持灌注和维持血压所需的最小剂量的血管活性药以预防副作用的发生。

在休克状态,使用动脉导管监测血压比袖带血压计测量更准确,可进行连续监测且允许每搏输出量分析,有助于医务人员更准确评估患者的休克状态和采取治疗措,建议所有需要血管活性药物的患者置入动脉导管进行连续性血压测定;脓毒性休克患儿推荐建立有创动脉血压监测。

文献支持:

1.Cohn JN. Blood pressure measurement in shock. Mechanism of inaccuracy in ausculatory and palpatory methods[J]. JAMA, 1967, 199(13):118-122.

2.Hollenberg SM, Parrillo JE. Shock. Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine[M].14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997:214-222.

3.Dellinger RP,Levy MM,Rhodes A,et a1.Surviving sepsis campaign:international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock,2012[J].Intensive Care Med,2013,39(2):165—228.

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    0

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    2020-03-21 飛歌

    学习了很有用不錯

    0

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