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北京医改7个多月 基层就诊量增加10%以上

2017-11-16 杜园春、伍越 中国青年报

改革后北京居民的就医体验如何?他们对《北京市医药分开综合改革实施方案》的落实效果满意吗?



漫画:朱慧卿

距《北京市医药分开综合改革实施方案》(以下简称《实施方案》)发布已有7个多月时间。参与本次改革的医疗机构达3600多所,北京行政区域内政府、事业单位及国有企业举办的公立医疗机构,以及军队和武警部队在京医疗机构均参加医药分开综合改革。改革后北京居民的就医体验如何?他们对《实施方案》的落实效果满意吗?

日前,中国青年报社社会调查中心联合问卷网,对2008名在医药分开改革实施以来,自己或家人在北京的医院有过就医经历的北京居民进行的一项调查显示,67.8%的受访者对北京本次医改带来的改变满意,56.8%的受访者表示取消药品加成后降低了患者的购药成本,47.9%的受访者认为本次改革有利于破除“以药补医”机制。

取消药品加成后,56.8%受访者感觉购药成本降低了

北京70后某国企员工马慧慧和父母都有医保,因家中老人常看病,对这次医改有着很深的体会,“像我父亲有糖尿病,需要定期检查、定期吃药。我感觉这次改革后费用明显降低了”。

“毕业季时特别忙,颈椎病犯了,我就去了学校附近的一家三甲医院看中医。”90后北京某企业职员刘明琪有医保,她的第一个感触是“挂号费”贵了,“这个现在叫‘医事服务费’,我挂的普通门诊号,50元。之后大夫给开了针灸治疗,我交费时发现针灸价格比以前也贵了”。

回家后,刘明琪特意查了查这次医改的相关情况,她发现,针灸这种需要医务人员技术服务的项目价格都上调了,去一二级医院更加划算,医事服务费的报销程度更大,“后来我每次去治疗,发现来医院做针灸的病人数量少了很多。患者不像以前那样扎堆儿来大医院看病了,从这方面看,这次医改成效还是蛮好的”。

本次北京医改后,人们在哪些方面体会到了明显的变化?56.8%的受访者表示取消药品加成后降低了患者的购药成本。其他依次还有:大型设备、器械检查费下降(39.2%),基层诊疗量上升(34.7%),医保患者负担下降(34.4%),二三级医院诊疗量下降(34.2%)和专家资源较以前充裕(18.4%)。

调查中,67.8%的受访者对北京本次医改带来的改变表示满意,其中12.2%的受访者非常满意。

47.9%受访者认为本次医改利于破除“以药补医”机制

“和同事聊天,大家都感慨,像感冒发烧这种小病就不用去大医院了,医事服务费比药费还高,不划算,还可以把医疗资源留给更有需要的病人。”刘明琪说。

北京某三甲医院护士常畅(化名)感觉,医改以来,一定程度上分流了患者数量,这使不同级别的医院可以发挥自己的主要作用。同时,单纯来开药的人也少了,这让一些真正需要就医的患者及时得到了治疗。

“此外,医药分开也打消了一部分病人的顾虑,比如怕医生为了挣钱乱开药、以药补医,提高了医患关系的和谐度。”常畅表示,这次医改降低了纯机器类检查的收费标准,相对提高了医护人员的自身价值。“这让我感到自己的工作被肯定、被尊重了。”但她也承认,“取消挂号费、诊疗费和药品加成后,对用药相对较多的科室来说,收入会有一个比较大幅度的缩水。”

本次北京医改产生了哪些影响?47.9%的受访者认为利于破除“以药补医”机制,避免医生通过药品得利;47.3%的受访者认为引导了基层首诊,促进了分级诊疗制度建设;47.1%的受访者表示专家能够更多服务于重病、难病,合理配置医疗资源。其他还有:提升了医务人员技术劳动价值(35.2%),有助于儿科、护理、传染病等短板科室得到充分发展(28.6%),个别医院变相增加器械诊疗价格,反而增加患者负担(21.1%),较高的“医事服务费”让病人感到“不开药不划算”(14.6%)。

复旦大学公共卫生学院教授、卫生部卫生经济所副所长胡善联认为,北京本次的医疗改革是成功的。“医改以价格改革为主要内容,提高了医生服务方面的费用,这对提高医护人员积极性有很大作用。同时,挂号费用在基层报销后基本只有两块钱、甚至一块钱,以此引导病人分流,让基层就诊量增加了10%以上,二三级医院就诊量进一步减少5%~12%,这是非常不容易的”。

他还表示,此次医疗改革加强了基层建设。“北京的郊区医疗环境比较落后,本次医改推动了基层医疗链更加完善地发展,提高了乡村医生的工资,大力招募新的医科学生到郊区去,让基层医疗服务更好。此外,也推动了药监体系的建设,例如‘阳光采购’,使得一些药品价格、技术检查费用进一步下降”。

63.4%受访者希望广泛征集患者、居民等群体的医改意见

“我认为医疗改革要循序渐进,在这个过程中可以多听取人民群众和医护人员的意见,他们是改革的受益者和当事人。”马慧慧说。

本次医改的一个重要目的是通过分级诊疗达到病人分流。对此,常畅认为有三点要重点考虑,“首先,患者的习惯要改变。很多患者,尤其大城市的人,习惯了生病直接去三甲医院就诊,如果非自愿去较低级别医院就诊,可能存在对医护人员的不信任。第二点,现在上下级医院的转诊机制还不够完善。如果疾病超出了下级医院的能力范围,下级医院通常会口头建议去大医院就诊,而没有一个转诊机制。这导致患者要么动用私人关系去找大夫、找床位,要么只能去三甲医院重新挂号、检查甚至排床位。第三点,如果实现完全的分级转诊,三甲医院的门诊量会减少,医院的收入包括医护人员的收入也都会受到影响。”常畅认为,这三点都需要在进一步的改革中去解决,去完善。

胡善联表示,北京医改的成效有没有可持续性、病人流向的变化会不会持续,还需要更长的时间去观察,“以上海为例,三分之一的病人是在社区看病的,那么以后在北京会如何?能不能持续让病人分流向下,需要一两年的观察时间。而且,病人分流下去,能不能获得高质量的医疗服务?病人是否愿意继续在那里看病?这些都需要通过进一步加强社区医院的服务水平得以实现。而且,京津冀协同发展,如何让这三个地区同步医疗改革,也是今后一个很大的挑战。总的来说,医改的重点在于让老百姓感觉到方便和价格降低,对患者进行更细致、更深入地分析了解,这是最重要的”。

看病就医问题是涉及每个人的民生问题。在医疗改革的问题上,63.4%的受访者希望广泛征集患者、居民等群体的进一步医改意见建议。其他还有:借此机会着重发展儿科、护理等短板科室人员和设备(48.0%);大力、强制整顿仍存在变相高收费的医院、机构(45.9%);本次北京医改可作为借鉴范本,推广到其他地方(44.1%);充分发挥典型经验、典型医院带头作用(20.6%)。

受访者中,00后占1.0%,90后占20.8%,80后占52.4%,70后占19.7%,60后占4.8%,50后占1.3%,其他占0.1%。

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    2017-11-18 神功盖世

    0

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    2017-11-18 tidiq
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    2017-11-16 happsf

    好好学习

    0

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    2017-11-16 神功盖世

    好事

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