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妊娠期胃食管反流病的现状

2015-02-05 山东省泰安解放军第88医院消化内科 原林 胃肠病学

胃食管反流病(GERD)系指胃、十二指肠内容物反流入食管引起食管黏膜和口腔、咽喉、气管等食管外组织损害,妊娠期通常表现为新发的烧心、反酸等症状,亦可反映为原有胃食管反流症状加重。该病会严重影响孕妇的生活,干扰睡眠质量,造成孕妇和胎儿营养缺乏,甚至引起分娩麻醉时的误吸。本文就妊娠期GERD的流行病学、发病机制、临床表现和治疗进展作一综述。 一、流行病学 多数妊娠妇女在孕程中会出现

胃食管反流病GERD)系指胃、十二指肠内容物反流入食管引起食管黏膜和口腔、咽喉、气管等食管外组织损害,妊娠期通常表现为新发的烧心、反酸等症状,亦可反映为原有胃食管反流症状加重。该病会严重影响孕妇的生活,干扰睡眠质量,造成孕妇和胎儿营养缺乏,甚至引起分娩麻醉时的误吸。本文就妊娠期GERD的流行病学、发病机制、临床表现和治疗进展作一综述。

一、流行病学

多数妊娠妇女在孕程中会出现一过性或频发的反酸、烧心等胃食管反流症状。目前我国尚缺乏妊娠期GERD的大规模统计研究,西方国家的发病率为30%~80%,其中烧心可见于40%~50%的孕妇。GERD的总体发病率在西方国家中较高,但近年随着饮食习惯和生活方式的改变,亚洲各国的发病率均呈明显上升趋势。GERD的首发症状多出现于孕前期,随着孕程的发展有加重的趋势。然而,有学者认为妊娠期烧心、反流等症状在孕前期较为严重,进入孕中期后逐渐缓解。

容易引发GERD的危险因素包括肥胖、高脂饮食、吸烟、频繁呕吐以及长期服用引起下食管括约肌(LES)松弛的药物等,这些诱因在妊娠期同样适用。Habr等的调查认为与孕前体重和孕期增重相比,孕前和孕期的体质指数与GERD发病率的相关性更大,此外,高龄孕妇、妊娠期伴有睡眠呼吸障碍也可作为独立的危险因素。初次妊娠者的GERD发病率高于经产妇,但如在既往妊娠中有过相关症状,则再次妊娠时的发病率明显增高。素食主义者较少发病,有研究表明,孕期脂肪酸尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸的过量摄入可能与GERD的发病率呈正相关,胆固醇的摄入则无明显影响。

二、发病机制

GERD的病理生理机制包括胃食管交界处抗反流屏障减弱、一过性LES松弛(tLESR)、食管酸清除能力降低、胃排空能力延缓、自主性神经功能异常等。妊娠期发病率明显增高的原因主要考虑为体内激素水平的改变,以及孕妇腹腔器官解剖位置的变化,其中主导因素为孕期血清中高浓度雌二醇和孕酮引起的LES张力减低。有研究表明,整个孕程中LES静息压低于正常水平,在36周时达最低点,此后逐步上升并于产后恢复正常。动物实验亦证实雌激素可引起LES平滑肌松弛。不断增大的妊娠子宫和腹内压也可促进GERD的发病,腹压增高可通过对胃的直接压迫诱发反流,而孕期雌激素通过减慢胃肠蠕动延缓了胃排空,进一步加剧症状的发生。此外,有研究发现妊娠期LES解剖位置改变,移位至胸腔成为负压状态,从而使胃内容物更容易反流。tLESR亦在妊娠期GERD的发病中起一定作用。

三、临床表现和诊断

妊娠期GERD的临床表现与常规患者无明显区别,主要表现为反流和烧心,其他常见的症状有恶心、呕吐、厌食、上腹痛以及刺激性干咳、咽痛等消化道外症状。需指出的是,既往曾将哮喘视为妊娠期常见症状,近年的研究更倾向于认为多数妊娠期哮喘是继发于GERD的并发症表现。

由于妊娠期的特殊状态,诊断疾病时主要依靠主诉症状和既往病史,上消化道钡餐检查为禁忌,食管测压和食管pH检测等侵袭性操作尽管可以保证安全性,但仍应尽量避免。胃镜检查仅在症状持续恶化且药物干预后无缓解或伴有消化道出血等严重并发症时考虑,操作时应注意监测血压和血氧饱和度。如需使用镇静剂,应谨慎选择药物种类,并及时告知患者可能的风险,尤其是对妊娠前3个月的孕妇,其中哌替啶和异丙酚为妊娠用药B级(依照美国FDA妊娠用药等级划分标准),芬太尼为C级,咪达唑仑和地西泮为D级。

四、治疗进展

由于药物有造成胎儿发育畸形的潜在风险,妊娠期疾病的治疗往往成为棘手的难题,通常需要消化科和妇产科医师共同权衡抉择。在日趋恶劣的医疗环境下,国内医师对症状轻微的妊娠期患者多倾向于保守治疗。但保守并不等于安全,持续不予纠正的症状会严重影响孕妇的饮食和睡眠质量,甚至引起胎儿营养不良,且GERD长期存在会进一步发展为食管炎、Barrett食管和各种并发症,还有研究表明妊娠期频发的烧心与产后GERD呈一定相关性。因此有必要对保守治疗无效的妊娠期GERD给予积极安全的药物干预。

目前,妊娠期用药的安全性标准多参照美国FDA的孕期用药等级,共分为A、B、C、D、X 5个等级,其风险依次递增。A级和B级药物通常可在医师指导下安全使用,C级在权衡利弊后斟酌使用,而X级常规禁用。孕前期尤其是妊娠31~71d是胎儿致畸的高风险阶段,应尽量避免一切不必要的用药。用药时遵循升级治疗,提倡按需治疗,按常规剂量短期治疗(2~4周),自觉症状缓解后停药。然而,妊娠期GERD常反复发作,部分患者甚至需维持用药至哺乳期。

1.保守治疗:妊娠妇女出现轻微反酸、烧心等症状时,应首先进行生活方式和饮食习惯的调整,主要包括睡前3h避免进食、抬高床头10~15cm、左侧卧位、忌烟酒,避免高脂饮食、巧克力、碳酸饮料等食物,避免服用抑制食管和胃动力的药物。相当一部分患者经保守治疗后症状可得到缓解。

2.抗酸药物:抗酸药物通过中和胃酸减少酸性胃内容物反流,口服后作用于局部,多数不被吸收,目前普遍认为抗酸制剂应作为妊娠期GERD药物治疗的一线选择,使用时提倡按需服药。其中钙剂抗酸剂被认为是最安全的一类,钙剂同时可预防妊娠高血压和先兆子痫,而铝镁制剂中15%~30%的铝、镁会被吸收,对胎儿是否有致畸性尚无动物实验。三硅酸镁长期使用可能会引起胎儿肾结石、呼吸窘迫、心血管损伤等疾病,而碳酸氢钠因可能引起代谢性碱中毒和母婴液体负荷过重而不宜使用。需注意的是,长期使用抗酸剂会干扰铁的吸收,妊娠妇女伴随贫血时应引起重视。

3.H2受体拮抗剂:经抗酸药物治疗无效后,H2受体拮抗剂应作为首选,西咪替丁、雷尼替丁、法莫替丁以及尼扎替丁均为B级妊娠用药。其中西咪替丁和雷尼替丁在过去30年中已被广泛用于妊娠期消化道症状的治疗,无明显致畸报道。一项双盲、安慰剂对照、三重交叉试验结果证实,雷尼替丁150mg bid可有效缓解症状,且无不良反应。西咪替丁在动物实验中表现出微弱的抗雄激素效应,部分成年男性在长期服用后也会有乳腺发育表现,然而,多项对在孕前期接受过西咪替丁治疗的新生儿调查未发现有生殖畸形的风险。目前有关法莫替丁和尼扎替丁妊娠期应用和临床对照的研究很少,在有限的报道和动物实验中未发现明显致畸性。

4.质子栗抑制剂(PPI):PPI可高效快速地抑制胃酸分泌,纠正GERD的常见症状,其中兰索拉唑、雷贝拉唑、泮托拉唑以及埃索美拉唑均为B级妊娠用药。动物实验发现奥美拉唑呈剂量依赖性地增加胚胎和胎儿死亡风险,因此FDA将其列为C级妊娠用药。然而作为第一代PPI,奥美拉唑曾广泛用于治疗妊娠期妇女,对既往病例的分析证实20~80mg/d的剂量与新生儿致畸无明显相关性,一项针对84000名新生儿的大规模研究证实PPI对出生缺陷无影响。

5.促胃肠动力药促胃肠动力药可通过加速胃肠排空、增加LES压力、促进食管酸清除而缓解反流症状。动物实验证实甲氧氯普胺安全、无致畸作用,临床应用也未见致畸报道。在动物实验中,大剂量西沙必利可引起低出生体重儿和超出常规水平的新生儿死亡,FDA将其划分为C级妊娠用药,同时因其有诱发心律失常的风险,目前已基本停用。FDA将多潘立酮划分为C级妊娠用药。

6.中药和其他:中草药在我国妊娠期用药中一直占有相当大的比重,但有一些显而易见的缺点,如成分复杂、有效成分未知、单药疗效难以评估、缺乏大规模临床试验数据、潜在的不良反应等,不宜作为孕期用药的首选。有文献证实某些中草药单品对妊娠期GERD有一定的疗效,且无不良反应,如生姜、薄荷、豆蔻、茴香、肉桂、丁香等,临床治疗中可作为参考。此外,黏膜保护剂如硫糖铝等可通过抑制胃蛋白酶活性而缓解症状,且基本不被吸收,可作为治疗时的辅助用药,但应注意过量铝摄入可能引起的风险。

五、哺乳期用药

多数妊娠期GERD患者在分娩后症状即可缓解,但仍有少数产妇在哺乳期仍需药物治疗。哺乳期用药的大规模临床研究更为缺乏,药物选择的关键在于其在乳汁中的分布浓度以及婴儿对该药物的口服生物利用度,婴儿的年龄和健康状况也是用药时需考虑的方面。有学者将哺乳期药物的安全性由高到低依次划分为5个等级(L1~L5),在选用较安全药物的同时还可根据其半衰期调整哺乳间隔时间,如在服药后立刻哺乳,并尽可能推迟下次喂养的时间,必要时暂停哺乳。

抗酸类药物由于基本不被人体吸收,通常认为是安全的,已证实铝抗酸剂和氢氧化镁不进入乳汁。尚缺乏硫糖铝和Gavison(三硅酸镁、氢氧化铝、海藻酸复合制剂)的用药研究,但其在乳汁中的分布非常有限,同样可作为首选。H2受拮抗剂可分泌入乳汁,雷尼替丁和西咪替丁在母乳中的浓度可达血清的4~7倍,法莫替丁摄入6h后母乳中的浓度为血清的2倍,尼扎替丁在母乳中浓度极低,但有致畸的动物实验报道。法莫替丁为哺乳期用药L1级,可作为首选。PPI在乳汁中普遍可达到较高的浓度,且动物实验证实可引起生长迟缓,不推荐使用。中草药等成分不确定的药物应慎重使用。

综上所述,针对妊娠期GERD,一般应遵循保守治疗(生活作息和饮食习惯调整)-抗酸类药物-H2受体拮抗剂-PPI的用药次序,对症状较重者,经药物治疗无效后再考虑行胃镜检查。治疗时,应充分权衡孕妇收益和胎儿风险,并取得患者及其家属的积极配合。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2046113, encodeId=a428204611331, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=010b3e767b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#反流病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37767, encryptionId=010b3e767b2, topicName=反流病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8dba135, createdName=xuyong523, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 07:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1948515, encodeId=44661948515ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=87828339e7a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃食管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83397, encryptionId=87828339e7a, topicName=胃食管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=循证小兵, createdTime=Thu Oct 01 17:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=16771, encodeId=ce1716e7114, content=不错的文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f2fb1607679, createdName=orthoW, createdTime=Mon Feb 23 11:42:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15913, encodeId=6ffe1591391, content=已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c68e1614119, createdName=windmilL1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 14:42:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1250945, encodeId=6c671250945cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=90494486837' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#妊娠期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44868, encryptionId=90494486837, topicName=妊娠期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1260671, encodeId=576812606e1b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f71834056f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃食管反流#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83405, encryptionId=2f71834056f, topicName=胃食管反流)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1437093, encodeId=9a34143e0935f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0e311010591a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101059, encryptionId=0e311010591a, topicName=食管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1571563, encodeId=5bce15e1563ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41e33e76137' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#反流#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37761, encryptionId=41e33e76137, topicName=反流)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=220d15750403, createdName=feifers, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2046113, encodeId=a428204611331, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=010b3e767b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#反流病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37767, encryptionId=010b3e767b2, topicName=反流病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8dba135, createdName=xuyong523, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 07:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1948515, encodeId=44661948515ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=87828339e7a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃食管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83397, encryptionId=87828339e7a, topicName=胃食管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=循证小兵, createdTime=Thu Oct 01 17:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=16771, encodeId=ce1716e7114, content=不错的文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f2fb1607679, createdName=orthoW, createdTime=Mon Feb 23 11:42:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15913, encodeId=6ffe1591391, content=已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c68e1614119, createdName=windmilL1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 14:42:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1250945, encodeId=6c671250945cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=90494486837' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#妊娠期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44868, encryptionId=90494486837, topicName=妊娠期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1260671, encodeId=576812606e1b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f71834056f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃食管反流#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83405, encryptionId=2f71834056f, topicName=胃食管反流)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1437093, encodeId=9a34143e0935f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0e311010591a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101059, encryptionId=0e311010591a, topicName=食管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1571563, encodeId=5bce15e1563ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41e33e76137' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#反流#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37761, encryptionId=41e33e76137, topicName=反流)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=220d15750403, createdName=feifers, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-02-23 orthoW

    不错的文章,学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2046113, encodeId=a428204611331, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=010b3e767b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#反流病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37767, encryptionId=010b3e767b2, topicName=反流病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8dba135, createdName=xuyong523, createdTime=Thu Oct 22 07:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1948515, encodeId=44661948515ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=87828339e7a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃食管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83397, encryptionId=87828339e7a, topicName=胃食管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=循证小兵, createdTime=Thu Oct 01 17:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=16771, encodeId=ce1716e7114, content=不错的文章,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f2fb1607679, createdName=orthoW, createdTime=Mon Feb 23 11:42:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=15913, encodeId=6ffe1591391, content=已阅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c68e1614119, createdName=windmilL1989, createdTime=Mon Feb 16 14:42:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1250945, encodeId=6c671250945cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=90494486837' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#妊娠期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44868, encryptionId=90494486837, topicName=妊娠期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1260671, encodeId=576812606e1b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f71834056f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃食管反流#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83405, encryptionId=2f71834056f, topicName=胃食管反流)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1437093, encodeId=9a34143e0935f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0e311010591a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101059, encryptionId=0e311010591a, topicName=食管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1571563, encodeId=5bce15e1563ac, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41e33e76137' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#反流#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37761, encryptionId=41e33e76137, topicName=反流)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=220d15750403, createdName=feifers, createdTime=Sat Feb 07 00:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-02-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-02-16 windmilL1989

    已阅

    0

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    2015-02-07 zhouqu_8
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    2015-02-07 feifers

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碘是合成甲状腺激素的必需微量元素,而甲状腺激素对正常的脑发育至关重要。妊娠期间,尤其是妊娠早期,碘缺乏会导致母体甲状腺激素的不足,从而对后代的神经智力发育及认知功能产生不可逆的影响,在碘缺乏的一定范围内,这种影响随着碘缺乏的严重程度而逐渐加重。 在世界范围内碘缺乏仍然是导致大脑损伤和智力减退的最主要的原因,同时也是可以预防的原因。目前妊娠期碘营养对后代脑发育影响尚未解决的问题很多,我们将围绕以下

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背景:动物和人体研究都显示下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal,HPA)轴的发育可能与肥胖有关,但目前尚缺乏关于HPA轴活性的生物学指标的人体研究。因此,本研究探讨了母亲妊娠期间应激激素——皮质醇的水平与子代童年期至青春期超重之间的关系。方法:这项来自丹麦的研究从1989~1991年间,收集了655名单胎妊娠的孕妇妊娠中期和晚期的唾液样本,早晨和晚上各

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