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Lancet infection:丙型肝炎疫苗的全新动态

2012-06-09 MedSci MedSci原创

       丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)从发现至今已有20多年的历史了,但是其疫苗的研制却显得十分缓慢。5月份的Lancet·Infection(《柳叶刀·感染》)上发表的一篇综述文章,为未来的疫苗发展方向提出了建设性的建议:应着重开发提高机体自发清除病毒和阻止病程慢性化的疫苗。     &nbs

       丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)从发现至今已有20多年的历史了,但是其疫苗的研制却显得十分缓慢。5月份的Lancet·Infection(《柳叶刀·感染》)上发表的一篇综述文章,为未来的疫苗发展方向提出了建设性的建议:应着重开发提高机体自发清除病毒和阻止病程慢性化的疫苗。

      
HCV感染在人群中大概有25%的自发清除率

       在HCV首次感染后,病毒可以在体内停留2-14天,随后,ALT(丙氨酸转氨酶)和AST(天冬氨酸转氨酶)升高,HCV特异性抗体在20-150天内出现。

       大约有25%的人在急性感染后会出现病毒的清除,仅在血液中残留少量的HCV RNA。其中大多数病例,会在6个月(73~86%)或12个月(87~95%)清除病毒。其余大多数会进入慢性感染期,其中的5-10%会在未来的20年中进展为肝硬化。

图 HCV的感染、清除及再感染(从首次感染开始)
自发清除后HCV的再次感染的HCV RNA量及感染持续时间均较首次感染降低

       关键因素:宿主、病毒

       在对黑猩猩和人类HCV清除的研究过程中发现,宿主因素和病毒因素对控制HCV感染及其疫苗的研制都具有十分重要的意义。

       通过研究黑猩猩和人类HCV的首次感染、病毒清除、再次感染可以看出,早期的HCV感染并不能提供永久的病毒免疫。但是,通过分析早期感染和再次感染的特征,早期感染还是可以为机体提供一些保护来抵御病毒的再次入侵。

       尽管从来自黑猩猩的研究数据中发现,在病毒自发清除后可对再次感染起到一定的保护作用,但是其在人类中的情况会是什么样呢?在注射吸毒人群中,有关病毒自发清除后的再感染率的数据尚无定论,但是一些人对HCV似乎具有一定的防护能力。

       不足与展望

       为了给将来的疫苗研制提供数据支持,研究者评估了HCV自发清除后再次感染的相关数据,指出已往人类研究中存在的方法学方面的不足,为将来控制HCV感染提供了重要的数据支持。

       研究者在最后明确指出,我们未来的目标应该是研制提高机体自发清除病毒的疫苗,这比预防HCV首次感染更可行。疫苗更应致力于阻止再次感染后疾病的慢性化过程。原因是,HCV的慢性感染(而不是急性感染)是HCV相关性疾病发生及死亡的危险因素。
 

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    2012-09-06 howi
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    2012-07-03 yese
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