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大胆猜想,小心求证——从血涂片挖出贫血原因!

2021-11-25 徐奕胜 赣南医学院第二附属医院 检验医学

一起来探案!

10月21日某患者的血常规结果引起了自己的注意,如图1所示,WBC 7.34×109/L,RBC 1.85×1012/L,HGB 67 g/L,MCV 114.4 fL,PLT 365×109/L。

 

图片

图1

查看患者信息,男,75岁,临床诊断:前列腺增生。心中不免一个疑惑,老年男性,贫血,MCV有点偏大?猜想莫非是它吗?行推片染色,镜检可见大红细胞及较多中性粒细胞分叶过多,呈现一种核右移的表现,如图2、3所示,所谓核右移即外周血中5叶核及5叶核以上的中性粒细胞大于3%。

 

图片

图2

 

图片

图3

 

为了进一步确定心中的猜想,查阅患者生化结果,发现总胆红素升高,以间接胆红素为主,如图4。

 

图片

图4

 

但光有这些还不够,还差一项,怎么办?将患者当天生化管提取出来,吸取部分血清交由生化组同事加做一个项目:同型半胱氨酸(HCY)。随后,同事告知结果是升高的,HCY 62.89 umol/L(参考范围5~14umol/L),如图5。

 

图片

图5

此时,自己的猜想已有足够的依据,可大致确定患者贫血的方向——巨幼细胞性贫血,于是在血常规中备注:镜检部分粒细胞核多分叶,可见大红细胞,结合TBIL、HCY升高,不排除巨幼细胞性贫血,如图6。

 

图片

图6

 

临床采纳建议,行贫血三项检查,叶酸2.44ng/mL(参考范围>3.2ng/mL),如图7。

 

图片

图7

 

找到贫血原因后,临床及时补充叶酸。自己继续追踪该患者血常规结果,10月24日上午血常规结果RBC 2.08×1012/L,HGB 74g/L,MCV 112.5fL,如图8。

 

图片

图8

 

案例

 

(1)询问输血科同事,确认该患者近期无输血史。贫血原因找到了,临床及时治疗,患者的红细胞、血红蛋白均较三天前升高了,说明补充叶酸的治疗有效。而做到这一切的前提是我们的血涂片及时给临床提供了疾病方向,使得患者诊疗时间大大缩短。在工作中重视血涂片的重要性,自然也就不言而喻。

 

(2)一般来说,我们在提示巨幼细胞性贫血时候,除了血涂片可见大红细胞、中性粒细胞核多分叶外,也会结合生化指标中的总胆红素、间接胆红素、同型半胱氨酸,往往这三者也升高,会进一步肯定我们对巨幼细胞性贫血的猜测。

 

(3)为什么会结合这三个生化指标呢,在此做个简单的介绍。巨幼细胞性贫血(MA)患者一般会存在原位溶血,致使无效造血增强、旁路胆红素生成增多,且以间接胆红素升高为主,所以TBIL、DBIL会升高;

 

叶酸和维生素B12是同型半胱氨酸(HCY)代谢过程中的重要辅酶,维生素B12、叶酸分别为同型半胱氨酸转变为蛋氨酸的代谢循环中一碳单位的传递体、蛋氨酸合成酶的辅酶。故叶酸或维生素B12缺乏易导致HCY分解代谢障碍,引起HCY在体内堆积,导致患者HCY水平增高。[2]

 

(4)另外,有老师研究发现乳酸脱氢酶在诊断MA中也有一定的意义[3],究其原因为MA是因细胞DNA合成障碍所引发的一种贫血,其幼红细胞胞质之内的血清LDH水平通常高于正常的成熟红细胞,同时与正常红细胞相比不同阶段的巨幼红细胞及大红细胞的生存期均明显缩短(其遭受破坏后可导致LDH升高),因而原位溶血发生后其LDH水平也明显升高。

 

结合本案例患者LDH 358 U/L,参考范围109~245U/L,该指标升高,符合文献报道。

 

(5)本案例中需要注意鉴别诊断的是骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS),MDS也可以出现在老年人群中,其血象和骨髓象中也可出现一系或多系血细胞减少,骨髓也可见巨幼样改变,但MDS患者的叶酸、维生素B12水平不低且补之无效,结合本案例患者,补充叶酸后,红细胞与血红蛋白均上升,说明补充有效,进而排除MDS可能。

 

(6)细心的老师会发现,患者在补充叶酸后为什么MCV变化不大,反而红细胞升高明显呢?其实,我们可以这样理解,巨幼细胞性贫血是DNA合成障碍所致的贫血,补充了DNA合成途径中的叶酸后,DNA可以合成了,从无效造血变成有效造血,也就比较少溶血,红细胞数量自然会上来。可是红细胞寿命一般为120天,即便MA患者红细胞寿命缩短,在短短三天时间内大红细胞依旧会存在,这需要一定的时间进行代谢,而新生成的红细胞也要一定的时间进入外周血并要有足够的数量取代之前的大红细胞。

 

总  结

 

重视外周血细胞形态镜检,做好血常规初筛工作,将有问题的血细胞筛查出来,及时提示临床,可以为患者缩短诊疗时间,也可以避免临床少走一些弯路,也是体现检验医学价值所在。

 

最后,我们在工作中发现某些问题后,如果把握性并不是很大,可以大胆猜想与假设,然后进行小心求证、验证,通过更多的依据来证实自己的猜想,在这个过程中也是锻炼自己综合思考与分析的一个好方法。

 

【参考文献】

[1]许文荣,林东红.临床基础检验学技术[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2015:49

[2]吴志成,陈娟,白丽霞.血清同型半胱氨酸水平与巨幼细胞性贫血相关研究[J].临床和实验医学杂志,2010,09(14):1067-1068

[3]梁影.血清乳酸脱氢酶检测在巨幼细胞性贫血诊断中的意义[J].临床医学研究与实践,2016,1(22):32-33

[4]葛均波,徐永健,王辰.内科学第9版[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2018:544-546

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    2021-12-09 ms5000001137351658

    学习了。

    0

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    2021-11-28 jiazhoudexue

    专业的力量

    0

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    2021-11-26 zhuwei1441

    收获!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2078218, encodeId=3f5420e8218a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=19498922824' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血涂片#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89228, encryptionId=19498922824, topicName=血涂片)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=yeye5224612, createdTime=Mon Aug 22 08:59:59 CST 2022, time=2022-08-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1078383, encodeId=fb6610e8383fe, content=学习了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=137, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a3325546549, createdName=ms5000001137351658, createdTime=Thu Dec 09 10:37:10 CST 2021, time=2021-12-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1074903, encodeId=63ee10e490322, content=专业的力量, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/AF43A7988964C1346E091DE08822DCC1/100, createdBy=1b2b1959838, createdName=jiazhoudexue, createdTime=Sun Nov 28 23:24:36 CST 2021, time=2021-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1074310, encodeId=e9b410e4310b2, content=收获!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=20341326639, createdName=zhuwei1441, createdTime=Fri Nov 26 19:04:35 CST 2021, time=2021-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1074036, encodeId=f8c910e40364c, content=有观察力有推理力的医生, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b6295730252, createdName=ms9000001578237549, createdTime=Fri Nov 26 05:52:52 CST 2021, time=2021-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-26 ms9000001578237549

    有观察力有推理力的医生

    0

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HbF轻度增高可见于:50%的轻型β-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血、再生障碍性贫血(AA)、阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(PNH)、真性红细胞增多症、铁粒幼细胞贫血、白血病等。

儿童缺铁性贫血的发病率仍在上升,原因竟与营养过剩有关?!

儿童贫血中最常见的是缺铁性贫血,在过去小孩缺铁性贫血大多数都是因为营养不良导致铁摄入不足引起。但是近年来,儿童缺铁性贫血的发病率仍在上升,调查发现上升原因竟与营养过剩有关!

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