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胡必杰:具有感染风险供体的受者需要采取相应的监测和防控措施

2018-02-15 韩静静 SIFIC感染官微

近几年,关于实体器官移植导致的受体感染频频发生,目前供体多来源于疾病终末期乃至脑死亡患者,相关器官携带的多重耐药菌或其他致病菌可导致受体的感染,临床、院感和移植等方面的专家已经意识到问题的重要性,正在准备联合出台相关共识与指南。

近几年,关于实体器官移植导致的受体感染频频发生,目前供体多来源于疾病终末期乃至脑死亡患者,相关器官携带的多重耐药菌或其他致病菌可导致受体的感染临床、院感和移植等方面的专家已经意识到问题的重要性,正在准备联合出台相关共识与指南。下面请看来自上海复旦大学附属中山医院胡必杰教授在2017年全国医院感染学术年会上为大家带来的移植领域感控知识的饕餮大餐。

一、背景

去年底今年初,国内连续出现了几例实体器官移植术后发生感染的病例,引起了国家层面管理者的高度重视,并希望感控方面的专家从感控的角度开展流行病学调查,了解我国目前新形势下,实体器官移植遭遇的新问题。

供者来源的受体感染与传统的因受体免疫抑制发生的感染不同,很多受体在免疫功能在尚未被抑制之前,就因为供者脏器中的病原菌发生感染。就目前获得的信息来看,主要的问题是供者多重耐药菌感染,包括脏器感染或者血流感染污染到脏器的情况,如感染病原菌是MRSA(耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌)、非耐药的肺炎克雷伯杆菌以及铜绿假单胞菌等,且移植时还需考虑到药物毒副作用等。因此实体器官移植遇上多重耐药菌感染时,会遇到严峻挑战。如何避免供者来源的病原体感染?如何能够做到及时发现、解除供体的携带病原体状态?这些问题亟待解决。

二、供者来源感染的监测和防控措施

传染源为可供移植的器官、组织和细胞等,以病毒、细菌最常见,但耐药菌、真菌越来越多,且死亡率很高。另外,供者携带结核分枝杆菌的也不少,结核感染人体器官中第一位的是肺,第二位是肾脏。但在移植器官紧缺的情况下,面对供者来源的感染要达到一种平衡。

1.供者来源病毒感染的监测和防控措施

关于供者来源病毒感染的防控,对于供体器官接受OR拒绝使用,取决于供体与受体相关病毒抗体检测的结果(如HIV、CMV、HTLV-1/2等)。其核心问题,在于没有快速的病原学检测技术,尤其是病毒和某些细菌、真菌。近十几年国际技术的快速发展期,但形成鲜明反差的是,其中非常重要的实验室检测技术并没有充分引入我国,尤其病毒的检测是中国的短板。

2.供者来源细菌感染的监测和防控措施

(1)病原体已确认且已接受敏感性抗菌药物治疗的菌血症或局部感染不是器官捐献的绝对禁忌症。




(2)供者来源细菌感染的耐药菌

①常规围术期预防性使用抗菌药物通常不能阻止供者来源多重耐药菌传播,受体感染后并发症(尤其是移植物丢失率)及病死率很高。

②国际和国内关于MRSA的供者来源细菌感染的报道较少,因此在国内专家共识中是提倡性的。多重耐药的革兰氏阴性杆菌要具体分析,携带ESBL的供体器官移植目前认为没有问题,但应尽量避免携带CRE的供体器官移植。

临床矛盾:耐药菌培养、药敏等检测时间长,但尸体器官移植时间紧迫,往往移植时不能快速明确供者有无MDR细菌感染或定植。

应对方法:

a.移植术后数天内及时持续更新供者的培养及药敏结果;

b.利用核酸扩增检测早期明确诊断MDR可能是很好的工具;

c.移植术后1月内受者出现MDR细菌感染或定植应考虑到供者来源的感染可能;

d.及时报告,开放和快速的机构和部门间沟通很重要。

(3)取器官以前,要尽量减少或避免供体的耐药菌感染。因此在供体最后评价时除了要评估器官功能状态外,也要主动监测和防控微生物感染:

①主动筛查:即使没有感染症状,也要排查有没有定植或携带,鼻前庭拭子(MRSA)、肛拭子(CRE或ESBL);

②注意手卫生;

③严格无菌操作、接触隔离等;

④集中管理有感染或有同一病原体定植的受体。

3. 供者来源真菌感染的监测和防控措施

(1)发生率不高,但一旦发生常致移植物丢失、死亡率增加等严重后果。

(2)核心原则:隐球菌、曲霉菌、毛霉菌和球孢子菌活动性感染被认为是移植禁忌证,主要考虑到有效治疗较困难;念珠菌感染不是移植的禁忌症,因为目前可选择的药物较多。

4.供者来源寄生虫感染的监测和防控措施

供体来源的寄生虫感染很少,可以不在这方面花太多精力。

三、总  结

目前供者感染来源主要是耐药菌和丝状真菌,尤其是全耐药泛耐药的革兰阴性杆菌,要加强这方面的监测和防控措施及用药考虑。同时对于移植的供体,也要相应地采取覆盖CRE等多重耐药菌及其他类型病原体的感染防控措施进行感染的预防,从源头上减少器官移植供体相关感染,尽可能提高移植受体的存活率及生存质量。

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    2018-02-21 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

  4. 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    2018-02-18 lofter

    学习了感谢分享

    0

  5. 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    2018-02-18 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习

    0

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    2018-02-16 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了

    0

  7. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Fri Feb 16 07:27:38 CST 2018, time=2018-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288304, encodeId=7666288304ff, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Feb 16 05:22:41 CST 2018, time=2018-02-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=288296, encodeId=767128829638, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, 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    2018-02-16 swfzhanggui

    好资料.谢谢分享

    0

  8. 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    2018-02-16 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好

    0

  9. 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    2018-02-16 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2018-02-16 秀红

    学习了

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