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临床必备:常用7大镇痛药物

2023-04-27 MedSci原创 MedSci原创 发表于上海

疼痛不仅影响生活质量,还会由于长期疼痛得不到有效治疗而产生心理疾病。因此,只有正确且规范的镇痛,才能提高生命治疗。

疼痛是组织损伤或潜在组织损伤所引起的不愉快感觉和情感体验,或是具有感觉、情绪、认知和社会层面的痛苦体验。疼痛不仅影响生活质量,还会由于长期疼痛得不到有效治疗而产生心理疾病。因此,只有正确且规范的镇痛,才能提高生命治疗。

据疼痛持续的时间和性质,可分为急性疼痛和慢性疼痛(持续 3 个月以上)。根据病理生理学机制,疼痛可分为伤害感受性疼痛和神经病理性疼痛或包含两者的混合性疼痛。药物是疼痛治疗的基础,不同作用机理的镇痛药适用于不同疼痛类型和程度。本文总结了镇痛药的分类、使用规则,建议收藏!

目前,临床上常用的镇痛药包括对乙酰氨基酚、非甾体消炎镇痛药(NSAIDs)、阿片类药物、抗惊厥药物、抗抑郁药物等等。

01 对乙酰氨基酚

对乙酰氨基酚的作用机制是通过抑制中枢神经系统中前列腺素的合成以及阻断痛觉神经末梢的冲动。适用于轻中度疼痛,运用最广泛的药物之一。欧美多个协会推荐其用于老年慢性非癌痛治疗。镇痛日剂量≦2g,疗程≦10日。

然而,对乙酰氨基酚存在一些不良反应,包括肝毒性,长期大量用药,尤其是肾功能低下者,可出现肾衰竭。

02 NSAIDs

NSAIDs是全球使用最多的药物种类之一,通过抑制环氧合酶 (COX)活性,减少前列腺素的合成来起到镇痛消炎作用,其代表药物包括布洛芬、双氯芬酸、氯诺昔康、氟比洛芬、帕瑞昔布等。适用于轻中度疼痛,或中重度疼痛的多模式镇痛治疗。

在用药过程中,需要注意消化道损伤、心脑血管疾病、肝毒性、肾毒性、肺毒性以及神经系统和皮肤的不良反应,警惕选择性NSAIDs 仍有消化道不良反应的风险。

03 阿片类药物

阿片类药物分为弱阿片类(曲马多等)和强阿片类。弱阿片类药物的作用机制是通过抑制 5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素的再摄取、与阿片受体结合。适用于中重度急慢性疼痛。用药时,需要遵循低剂量开始,逐渐加量的原则。初始日剂量为50100 mg,每日12次;最大日剂量0.4g

强阿片类则是作用于中枢与外周神经的阿片受体,其常见不引起脏器器质性病变等药物包括吗啡、羟考酮、芬太尼、可待因、丁丙诺啡等。适用于中重度慢性疼痛。

然而,阿片类药物也会引起一些不良反应,包括恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、镇静和认知功能障碍、便秘等,其中呼吸抑制是最严重,恶心呕吐发生率较高。

04 抗抑郁药

慢性疼痛患者常常伴有焦虑抑郁症状,经评估后辅以抗抑郁药物,可以改善症状。抗抑郁药的作用机制是通过抑制去甲肾上腺素及5-HT的再摄取,影响内啡肽介导的疼痛调节通路等。该药物适用于中枢性或外周神经损伤所致的麻木样痛、灼痛,该类药物也可以改善心情及睡眠。

抗抑郁药的代表药物包括阿米替林、度洛西汀及文拉法辛等。在使用过程中,最好服用最小有效剂量,少数患者疗效差需合并用药,应选择化学结构不同、药理作用不同的两种药物联用。另外,抗抑郁药对心脑血管、消化系统、内分泌系统等有不良反应。

05 抗惊厥类药物

抗惊厥类药物代表药物包括加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林、卡马西平和奥卡西平。加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林通过调节电压门控通道的α2δ亚基,减少谷氨酸、去甲肾上腺素和P物质释放发挥镇痛作用,其适用于神经损伤所致的撕裂痛、放电样疼痛及烧灼痛。

另外,卡马西平和奥卡西平是三叉神经痛的一线用药。老年人对卡马西平敏感性高,警惕不良发应。当然,也要注意不良反应,镇静、头晕、步态异常、肝酶增高、低钠血症等。

06 糖皮质类固醇

糖皮质类固醇代表药物为地塞米松,其可作为联合用药的一部分用于神经或骨受侵犯时疼痛危象的急诊处理。有Meta分析显示,地塞米松有助于在短时间迅速缓解疼痛,但缺乏高质量的临床证据支持。在服用过程中,需要注意糖皮质类固醇的不良反应,如感染、代谢紊乱、体重增加、出血倾向、骨质疏松、股骨头坏死等。

07 肌肉松弛药物

疼痛治疗的肌肉松弛剂多为中枢性肌肉松弛剂。它主要作用于中枢神经系统,在脊椎和大脑下皮层区抑制多突反射弧,从而对痉挛性骨骼肌产生肌肉松弛作用,达到止痛的效果。

参考资料

1,广东省药学会.临床药师术后疼痛管理指引(2019).

2,上海市抗癌协会癌症康复与姑息专业委员会.癌症疼痛诊疗上海专家共识(2017年版).

3,中华医学会疼痛学分会.复方阿片类镇痛药临床应用中国专家共识(2018年版).

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    2023-04-28 ms7000000450414025 来自河北省

    记忆记忆

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128850, encodeId=c4e92128850ad, content=记忆记忆, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=98b18654288, createdName=ms7000000450414025, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 01:32:53 CST 2023, time=2023-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128941, encodeId=95a12128941f8, content=、学学学学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnHtEgiaNiaUeanPblicnQPORicamAtCLvWmTKDxxWwF3J99R5MdjnGACh16icoScCeRrNQOibvvPqiaDrA/132, createdBy=83465314460, createdName=八骏奔腾, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 09:51:48 CST 2023, time=2023-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128837, encodeId=b7d6212883e4b, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Apr 27 23:49:05 CST 2023, time=2023-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=浙江省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128880, encodeId=178f21288809f, content=复习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=26e71634726, createdName=琦琪, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 06:53:59 CST 2023, time=2023-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128878, encodeId=e21e21288e876, content=7大镇痛药物, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2d3d3015017, createdName=jshbyywk2008, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 06:49:24 CST 2023, time=2023-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128830, encodeId=e1712128830e1, content=温故知新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dc6d2993398, createdName=396891383, createdTime=Thu Apr 27 23:19:59 CST 2023, time=2023-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2023-04-28 八骏奔腾 来自山东省

    、学学学学习

    0

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    2023-04-27 1209e435m98(暂无昵称) 来自浙江省

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2023-04-28 琦琪 来自辽宁省

    复习

    0

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    2023-04-28 jshbyywk2008 来自河北省

    7大镇痛药物

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128850, encodeId=c4e92128850ad, content=记忆记忆, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=98b18654288, createdName=ms7000000450414025, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 01:32:53 CST 2023, time=2023-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128941, encodeId=95a12128941f8, content=、学学学学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnHtEgiaNiaUeanPblicnQPORicamAtCLvWmTKDxxWwF3J99R5MdjnGACh16icoScCeRrNQOibvvPqiaDrA/132, createdBy=83465314460, createdName=八骏奔腾, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 09:51:48 CST 2023, time=2023-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128837, encodeId=b7d6212883e4b, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Apr 27 23:49:05 CST 2023, time=2023-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=浙江省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128880, encodeId=178f21288809f, content=复习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=26e71634726, createdName=琦琪, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 06:53:59 CST 2023, time=2023-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=辽宁省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128878, encodeId=e21e21288e876, content=7大镇痛药物, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2d3d3015017, createdName=jshbyywk2008, createdTime=Fri Apr 28 06:49:24 CST 2023, time=2023-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2128830, encodeId=e1712128830e1, content=温故知新, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dc6d2993398, createdName=396891383, createdTime=Thu Apr 27 23:19:59 CST 2023, time=2023-04-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2023-04-27 396891383

    温故知新

    0

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