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小细胞肺癌的症状、治疗和预防措施

2017-03-22 佚名 来宝网

肺癌通常有两种主要形式:小细胞肺癌(SCLC)和非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC),通常来说,NSCLC 更常见,但是其预后比 SCLC 好。与 SCLC 相关的癌细胞比较小,并且肿瘤进展相对较快,这使得该种肿瘤在早期检测和诊断中具有很强的挑战性。

小细胞肺癌(SCLC)占所有肺癌病例的 10-15%,SCLC 是快速生长的侵袭性肿瘤。吸烟是与 SCLC 相关的最常见的危险因素。

肺癌通常有两种主要形式:小细胞肺癌(SCLC)和非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC),通常来说,NSCLC 更常见,但是其预后比 SCLC 好。与 SCLC 相关的癌细胞比较小,并且肿瘤进展相对较快,这使得该种肿瘤在早期检测和诊断中具有很强的挑战性。

一般认为小细胞肺癌起源于支气管粘膜或腺上皮内的 Kulchitsky 细胞(嗜银细胞),属 APUD 瘤。也有人认为其起源于支气管粘膜上皮中可向神经内分泌分化的干细胞。小细胞肺癌是肺癌中分化最低,恶性程度最高的类型。多发生于肺中央部,生长迅速,转移较早。光镜下,癌细胞小而呈短梭形或淋巴细胞样,胞浆少,形似裸核。癌细胞密集成群排列,由结缔组织加以分隔,有时癌细胞围绕小血管排列成团。电镜观察超微结构,瘤细胞胞浆中含有典型的轴样神经内分泌颗粒,但颗粒的量多少不等,并证明和 5 -HT 及 ACTH 有关。

小细胞肺癌的危险因素

肺癌可由不同因素引起,但是吸烟或者长期暴露在烟草燃烧的烟雾中是重要的致病因素。在美国,有 83% 的肺癌男性患者和 76% 的肺癌女性患者的死因与吸烟有关。大多数发展为 SCLC 的患者都有吸烟史或者经常接触二手烟,其余一些没有吸烟者仍会发展为肺癌。

当人们吸入香烟的烟雾时,微小的颗粒物会损伤肺组织。随着肺组织的损伤,机体就会进行自我修复,但是一旦修复出现错误,比如某些细胞基因发生突变,那么细胞就可能发生癌变。随着烟草的反复刺激,细胞自我修复就不断进行,这样就会使得修复出错的概率大增,从而使得发生癌症的风险大大升高。

此外,年龄也是发展肺癌的主要风险因素。大约 98% 的肺癌患者被诊断时超过 45 岁。大约三分之二者确诊时为 65 岁以上。

小细胞肺癌的原因和风险因素包括:

(1)吸烟

(2)接触烟草烟雾

(3)暴露在辐射的环境中

(4)经常做 CT 扫描

(5)暴露在石棉、焦油或煤烟的环境中

(6)暴露在镍或铍的环境中

(7)生活在严重空气污染的地区

(8)经常饮用不合格的水

(9)感染艾滋病病毒

(10)重度吸烟的同时补充β胡萝卜素

虽然黑人比白人更可能发展肺癌,但是他们却很少发展 SCLC。目前正在研究以更好地了解性别、种族对肺癌的影响。

小细胞肺癌的症状

这种疾病通常症状不会很明显,直至肿瘤扩散。很多肺癌症状有可能被误认为是其他疾病。肿瘤的位置、大小和进展程度极大地影响了患者经历的症状。

SCLC 的症状包括:

声音嘶哑或经常咳嗽

咳嗽模式与以往不同

喘息

呼吸急促

疲劳

头痛

肺炎

长期胸腔感染

胸痛或呼吸时疼痛

咳血

食欲不振

咽部疼痛或吞咽困难

面部或颈静脉肿胀

肺部或心脏水潴留

吸气时出现声音

如果上述任何症状长期出现或加重,那么就需要去看医生了,特别是对于 55 岁以上或由严重吸烟史的人,即便没有出现明显症状也应做症状排查。

SCLC 的诊断

医生首先会完成必要的体格检查,包括患者病史,如有需要将会采集血液、尿液或组织样本,也可以拍摄胸部 X 射线。随后医生可能决定继续重点监测某些症状。

根据初始治疗的结果,可以使用 CT 扫描胸部、躯干或大脑,进行痰液细胞学检查,以帮助发现癌细胞。此外还可以进行组织活检,就是从肺部取出一些细胞做病理学检查,最常用的活检方式为细针抽吸。一旦明确癌症诊断,就必须确诊癌症阶段并确定最佳治疗计划。

用于确定 SCLC 阶段的测试包括:

上身和骨盆的 CT 扫描

骨扫描

骨髓抽吸

PET 扫描

脑 MRI

进一步活检

许多这些程序和测试也用于确定治疗是否有效,并长期监测病例。

SCLC 的阶段

现在医学上公认 SCLC 通常有四个阶段:

阶段 1:癌症局限于肺。肿瘤的直径通常为 2 英寸或更小。

阶段 2:癌症涉及直径超过 2 英寸或已经扩散到周围组织,可能涉及淋巴结。

阶段 3:癌症已经扩散到肺附近的其他器官或离肺部更远的淋巴结中,并且肿瘤变大。

阶段 4:肿瘤扩散至远离肺部的其他组织或器官,并且影响身体各部分的正常功能。

临床上常将肺癌分为“局限期”和“广泛期”,前者指肿瘤局限于一侧的肺内,后者指两个肺中同时存在肿瘤。

局限期小细胞肺癌

在这个阶段,肿瘤局限于一个肺,受影响的淋巴结在病变肺的同一侧。对于 SCLC 局限期患者,通常使用放疗和化疗进行治疗。约三分之一的 SCLC 病例在首次确诊时处于这一阶段。

广泛期小细胞肺癌

在这一阶段,患者的两个肺都受到肿瘤的影响。胸部或身体其他部分有时也会受影响。当肿瘤扩散到肺周围液体时,可以确诊为广泛期。约三分之二的 SCLC 病例在首次确诊时处于这一阶段。

治疗和展望

因为 SCLC 病例通常在诊断时就是中晚期,所以使用积极的治疗策略就显得尤其重要。

如果可能,SCLC 可以联合化疗、放疗和手术治疗。不同科室的专家将通过共同努力为每个病例找到最佳的治疗方案。同时会使用一系列药物来帮助改善或治疗症状,并配合相应的癌症护理过程。

与放射治疗一起口服或静脉内给予化疗药物是 SCLC 的优选治疗方案,因为小细胞肺癌生长和扩散很快。幸运的是,大多数 SCLC 患者对放射治疗的反应良好,至少在初始治疗时如此。

对于局限期 SCLC 病例,放疗也可在初始化治疗 3 - 4 个月后使用。

常见的手术治疗包括:

节断性,楔形或套管切除术以去除受影响的肺组织

肺叶切除术以去除一个肺叶

双肺叶切除术去除两个肺叶

肺切除术去除全肺

淋巴结清除

在癌症阶段,患者的性别,年龄,家族史,生活习惯或基础性疾病将影响 SCLC 患者的康复机会。

SCLC 患者的预后根据个体和癌症进展的不同而变化,但平均 5 年存活率为 7%。

对于局限期患者,相对 5 年生存率为 31%,对于广泛期患者,这一数字在 8% 到 19% 不等。处于第四阶段的 SCLC 患者,5 年生存率为 2%。

重要的是,人们应该知道,每个 SCLC 患者的案例是不一样的,而上述统计结果仅仅是平均值。

互补治疗

补充疗法是与常规医疗疗法一起使用的补充疗法,并且可以帮助控制 SCLC 症状。

补充疗法和生活方式建议包括:

营养补充剂

按摩

指导冥想

瑜伽


避免非必要的日常任务

替代疗法不意味着替代常规疗法。 任何想着替代治疗的患者都应该先和医生讨论。

目前仍然没有彻底治愈小细胞肺癌的医学途径。随着基因组学的研究不断取得突破,医学界相信在不久的将来将在分子生物学层面上解开癌症之谜,从而开发出新型治疗方法。

肺癌的预防胜于治疗,主要分为三级预防。一级预防针对健康人群,主要包括不吸烟,远离二手烟污染。尽量避免室外空气污染、厨房油烟。选用环保型装修材料。营养均衡,多食谷物、蔬菜、水果。保持乐观、积极的生活态度,提高心理适应力。二级预防早诊、早治针对高危人群,主要针对 40 岁以上长期吸烟者,吸烟 20 年以上,20 岁以下开始吸烟机每天吸烟 20 支以上,经常接触煤烟、煤焦油和油烟者,接受过量放射线照射者(采矿者等)、慢性咳嗽、痰中带血者及有肺癌家族史者。高危人群最好能每年定期全面体检,有条件的行 CT 检查。如出现刺激性咳嗽、血痰火咯血等症状应及时医院就诊。三级预防即康复性预防,肺癌患者应遵医嘱按期到医院复查。

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    2017-06-02 尹玉伟

    厉害厉害……学习了

    0

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    2017-03-29 chunjianf

    谢谢分享.值得收藏

    0

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    2017-03-28 周敏8209

    受益很多

    0

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    2017-03-23 明天会更好!

    谢谢分享,学习了很不错

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=205459, encodeId=ebac2054596f, content=厉害厉害……学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCSvgHPvuQp0g9YLQuk8Dv2tO2J8cA1nBOPWOR46Rv1IMw309iaVI4zibSE52MibbXtA54h46besGYv6vpQfsUHpY9TaCKOVRmm2A/0, createdBy=14511949364, createdName=尹玉伟, createdTime=Fri Jun 02 06:38:28 CST 2017, time=2017-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=183393, encodeId=97b8183393c0, content=谢谢分享.值得收藏, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRk75KAEKrLGic0S0IvH1aNynsEFQWiaNKdtzvtwj2kafCoPg2icYVbrfBCFiaS74X1uEiaaTTY1H9Xyem/0, createdBy=cec11614828, createdName=chunjianf, createdTime=Wed Mar 29 07:01:38 CST 2017, time=2017-03-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=183187, encodeId=a55e18318e20, content=受益很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK6hM6A65oiabMvVrDMV6QG4215Md3zS4icht4vH1T8PIcMN7JrnWx0UbibBpAzs81Swp8UqXb9kgsj/0, createdBy=8bea2039406, createdName=周敏8209, createdTime=Tue Mar 28 07:40:26 CST 2017, time=2017-03-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=182169, encodeId=c28418216964, content=谢谢分享,学习了很不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Thu Mar 23 12:20:06 CST 2017, time=2017-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=182128, encodeId=7074182128d0, content=文章很好,值得分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Mar 23 09:17:01 CST 2017, time=2017-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=182114, encodeId=1631182114f3, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Thu Mar 23 08:17:44 CST 2017, time=2017-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=182099, encodeId=0a09182099db, content=这类综述比较可读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/udqvoAsWtvRVficPKOpMh4M31O9bJ8jMiaUHAheeNpIqMapC8mUnBWfEskrcVjofbicWU4icRD6vFvVeEYlPmSbXELickazEGVFYO/0, createdBy=24741603767, createdName=医艺依意, createdTime=Thu Mar 23 07:55:52 CST 2017, time=2017-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=182089, encodeId=eb14182089a3, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Thu Mar 23 07:49:54 CST 2017, time=2017-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=182060, encodeId=361318206059, content=学习新知识谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Thu Mar 23 06:47:57 CST 2017, time=2017-03-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-03-23 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,值得分享

    0

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    2017-03-23 明月清辉

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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    2017-03-23 医艺依意

    这类综述比较可读

    0

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    2017-03-23 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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    2017-03-23 刘煜

    学习新知识谢谢分享

    0

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