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Heart Lung:VA-ECMO患者生存预测模型比较

2020-04-13 王惠 体外生命支持分会ChELSA

作者:王惠, 中国医学科学院阜外医院

作者:王惠, 中国医学科学院阜外医院

VA-ECMO越来越多地适用于心源性休克患者,为急性失代偿的患者提供血流动力学和呼吸支持。常见的适应症包括急性心肌梗死后心源性休克、慢性充血性心力衰竭急性加重、心肌炎、心脏术后休克等。ECMO使用时机适当可以挽救生命,但是不恰当的使用会延长病人和家庭不必要的痛苦,同时浪费巨大的医疗资源。

病人预后与ECMO之前的合并症和失代偿程度相关。许多生存预测模型是专门针对危重病人的,比如APACHE II、SAPS II、 SOFA。ACEF评分则针对择期心脏手术患者。

研究目的:评价接受VA-ECMO支持危重患者的生存预测模型的预测能力。

患者与方法:

对2010年至2017年在本中心接受VA-ECMO支持的所有患者进行回顾性研究。收集ECMO前人口学资料、临床资料、实验室数据、血流动力学参数、插管策略、并发症及撤除ECMO等相关数据。主要终点是住院生存率。本研究通过纽约卫理公会医院机构审查委员会的批准(委员会编号为1382246;批准日期2019年5月2日)。

在心脏术后休克、急性心肌梗死/缺血性心肌病、非缺血性心肌病、或罕见的肺或其他病因影响下,患者因心源性休克或心脏骤停而行VA-ECMO。

心源性休克定义为1) 尽管使用最大剂量的升压药物(去甲肾上腺素32mcg/min,肾上腺素20mcg/min,和垂体后叶加压素0.04 U/.min),,收缩压仍小于90mmHg。2)尽管使用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)或impella(Abiomed, Danvers,MA)等机械辅助装置, 心脏指数小于2.0 l / m / m2)。3) 充盈压升高,包括肺毛细血管楔压大于16 mmHg或中心静脉压大于18 mmHg,或胸片显示肺水肿,4)存在终末器官灌注不良的证据,包括少尿、乳酸水平升高、肾功能或肝功能衰竭。

VA-ECMO的禁忌症包括:1)高龄(>80岁);2)神经损伤;3)活动性出血或抗凝为绝对禁忌症;4)活跃的恶性肿瘤;5)心脏骤停时间过长(ECMO启动前心脏骤停> 30分钟),6)严重脓毒症(低血压、心动过速、高热或体温过低,继发于感染所致的终末器官功能障碍),或其他任何可严重威胁患者生命的因素。因为休克患者通常插管镇静,所以患者的神经损伤很难量化。

根据不同的临床情况,采用股动脉、腋动脉和中央主动脉插管以及股动脉、颈内动脉和右心房中心静脉插管。股动静脉插管常在紧急情况下进行,如在重症监护病房、急诊室或在导管室经皮冠状动脉介入治疗时。主动脉和右心房插管常用于手术室心脏手术后。当病人不能脱离股VA-ECMO时,腋部插管可作为首选的长期插管策略,这种方式允许患者活动,或在股动静脉插管后发生下肢血管并发症时可考虑使用腋部插管。

在VA-ECMO置管过程中,患者肝素化至ACT 250s,并在VA-ECMO支持过程中维持APTT 45-60s。如果存在出血并发症、血小板减少或肝功能不全引起的严重凝血病,应减少肝素使用剂量。

本研究计算了适用于危重症患者生存预测模型的评分( APACHE II评分、SAPS II评分和SOFA评分)、适用于择期心脏手术患者的ACEF评分以及为VA-ECMO的患者设计的生存预测模型的评分(Save和Encourage评分)。

统计分析:

将连续变量描述为均值,行t检验进行比较。分类变量以频率和百分比表示,并使用卡方检验或fisher精确检验比较。在单因素分析中,评估所有变量与生存率的相关性。计算所有患者的APACHE II、SAPS、SOFA、ACEF、Encourage、Save评分。

研究结果

在2010年至2017年期间,51例患者因心源性休克或心脏骤停而接受VA-ECMO。平均年龄57岁,46%为女性。VA-ECMO支持的适应症包括的心脏手术后休克(25%)、缺血性心肌病(39%,包括急性心肌梗死)、非缺血性心肌病(27%)和其他病因(8%)。73%的患者在VA-ECMO前发生心脏骤停,平均停搏时间为30分钟,41%的患者在心脏骤停时完成插管(ECPR)。外周插管占94%,中心插管(主动脉/右心房)占6%。在外周插管中,96%为股动脉插管,4%为腋动脉插管。在最初进行股动脉插管的患者中,7%的患者由于各种原因(包括下肢缺血、差异性紫绀或方便活动)而改用中央或腋窝插管。

ECMO前与患者存活显著相关的因素包括肌酐水平(2.1 vs 1.3 mg/dL;p = .02)和白细胞计数(18.5 vs 11.1 K/uL;p = . 05)。人口统计学、血流动力学和实验室参数列于表1。虽然年龄与存活无关,但高龄是危险的,因为没有超过75岁的患者存活至出院(7例患者)。同样,虽然ECMO前机械通气时间与患者存活无统计学相关,但ECMO前机械通气时间为5天或5天以上的患者(5名患者)均未存活出院。

表1 插管前患者特征

患者平均VA-ECMO支持时间为7.5天。两名患者接受紧急心脏手术,术后均接受VA-ECMO支持(一个冠状动脉搭桥手术和一个肺栓塞切除术),均死亡。1例患者脱离VA-ECMO支持,随后行二尖瓣置换术和冠状动脉旁路移植术,存活出院。53%的患者成功脱机,其中74%存活出院。总生存率为39%(表2)。

 

表2 结局

 

所有模型预测的生存率与实际的生存率相关性均较弱(图1-2),其中APACHE II和Encourage评分的相关性最强。

 

图1 APACHE II, SOFA, SAPS II评分预测生存率与实际生存率比较

 

 

图2 Encourage和SAVE评分预测生存率与实际生存率比较

在单因素分析中,死亡者的三个生存预测模型得分显着高于生存者。Encourage评分(25.4 vs 20; p = .04),APACHE II评分(23.6 vs 19.2; p = .05)和ACEF评分(3.1 vs 1.8; p = .03 [表3])。 

表3 风险得分

在ROC曲线分析中,ACEF评分显示出最强的预测能力,AUC为0.7(表4,图3)。

 

表4 AUC比较

 

图3 ROC曲线

讨论及启示:

本研究评估了各种生存预测模型在VA-ECMO支持心源性休克患者中预测患者临床结果的能力。Encourage评分、APACHE II评分和ACEF评分与出院生存率显著相关,而SAPS,SOFA和SAVE评分在生存者与死亡者之间无显著差异。在前三个评分中,ACEF评分在ROC曲线中显示出最强的预测能力。

VA-ECMO越来越多地用于心源性休克或心脏骤停。VA-ECMO可在急诊室、重症监护病房、心导管室或手术室的床边迅速建立运行。尽管可挽救生命,但VA-ECMO并发症较多,包括插管引起的血管并发症。另外,VA-ECMO支持心源性休克或心脏骤停患者后遗症包括神经系统损伤、肾衰竭、肝衰竭和败血症。为了将其分配给那些最需要的患者,减少浪费金钱和人力资源,并避免延长患者的痛苦和精神创伤,选择最有可能受益的患者至关重要。

年龄、乳酸水平、心源性休克的病因、终末器官功能和ECMO前心脏骤停是预测VA-ECMO后生存率的指标。然而,在患者信息不完整的情况下,需要对心源性休克或心脏骤停患者的情况立即进行风险评估,这给我们带来了挑战。

APACHE II、SAPS II和SOFA评分被广泛用于预测重症监护病房(ICU)危重病人院内生存率。这三种方法都结合了血流动力学和实验室参数、年龄和神经学状态(格拉斯哥昏迷评分[GCS])。Schmidt等学者利用体外生命支持组织(ELSO)注册数据创建了SAVE评分系统来预测VA-ECMO患者的生存到出院时间。其虽然登记了大量的患者,但该评分排除了ECPR患者,且评分过程较为繁琐,具有局限性。ENCOURAGE评分依靠双中心数据库创建,它预测ICU患者院内生存。虽然该模型辨别能力较好,但它计算繁琐,不适用于紧急情况,且仅适用于急性心肌梗死引起的心源性休克患者。在本研究中,虽然Encourage评分在生存者和死亡者之间确实存在显著差异,而SAVE评分两者之间则无显著差异,两者的辨别能力处于相同的范围内(分别为0.61和0.66)。ACEF评分旨在预测择期心脏手术后的死亡率。这个分数是通过年龄与射血分数的比值来计算的,如果肌酐为>2 mg/dL,则增加1分。有趣的是,虽然ACEF评分是目前分析中唯一没有计划用于预测危重病人死亡率的评分,但它显示出了最佳的辨别能力。这可能是由于与择期心脏手术后结局相关的危险因素有明显重叠(年龄、射血分数和肾功能)。此外,它在所有模型中计算最简便,只需要计算三个容易获得的变量。

由于ECPR基线射血分数可能未知,所以难以用于预测ECPR患者。另外由于没有考虑到慢性心肌病或肾功能衰竭,也没有考虑休克相关的其他因素,因此大大简化了进行VA-ECMO的大多数患者的复杂临床情况。本研究存在回顾性分析所固有的局限性,包括数据不完整性、可能存在的数据不准确性以及选择偏倚。另一个主要的局限性是样本量小,和病人队列的异质性较大。此外,由于各中心临床实践的差异,推断结果的价值可能有限。

VA-ECMO作为心源性休克的抢救疗法,其死亡率偏高。在本研究接受VA-ECMO支持的患者队列中,应用针对危重症ICU患者和VA-ECMO患者设计的各种生存预测模型,辨别能力均较差。ACEF评分虽然并非用于预测急诊患者生存情况,但它辨别能力最佳,此外,其计算方法最为简便,其在急性失代偿或心脏骤停患者中具有决策速度快的优势。目前还没有最优的VA-ECMO生存预测模型,但是目前研究认为较简便的预测评分效果可能更佳。

原始出处:

Worku B, et al. Heart Lung. 2020 Mar 29. pii: S0147-9563(20)30091-1. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.03.004.

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    2021-01-28 zhangbaojun
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1932674, encodeId=6efb19326e499, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5cd95305803' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#患者生存#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53058, encryptionId=5cd95305803, topicName=患者生存)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=47c5349, createdName=tastas, createdTime=Mon Jun 08 02:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1755653, encodeId=f9371e55653e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85294906ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CMO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4906, encryptionId=85294906ef, topicName=CMO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5e4136982125, createdName=zhangbaojun, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 20:20:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1262780, encodeId=a9411262e8014, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52941002359d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预测模型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100235, encryptionId=52941002359d, topicName=预测模型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1357480, encodeId=49fd135e48027, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0702e84b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ART#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2784, encryptionId=b0702e84b9, topicName=ART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1563289, encodeId=603d1563289a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f69d864413' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#HEART#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8644, encryptionId=f69d864413, topicName=HEART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=80d715270048, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587587, encodeId=c522158e58721, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=662f1824ec1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#VA-ECMO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18247, encryptionId=662f1824ec1, topicName=VA-ECMO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a72217514619, createdName=hxj0123, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1047792, encodeId=e449104e79266, content=梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 17:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-04-15 zhaojie88
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    2020-04-15 slcumt
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1932674, encodeId=6efb19326e499, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5cd95305803' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#患者生存#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53058, encryptionId=5cd95305803, topicName=患者生存)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=47c5349, createdName=tastas, createdTime=Mon Jun 08 02:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1755653, encodeId=f9371e55653e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85294906ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CMO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4906, encryptionId=85294906ef, topicName=CMO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5e4136982125, createdName=zhangbaojun, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 20:20:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1262780, encodeId=a9411262e8014, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52941002359d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预测模型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100235, encryptionId=52941002359d, topicName=预测模型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1357480, encodeId=49fd135e48027, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0702e84b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ART#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2784, encryptionId=b0702e84b9, topicName=ART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1563289, encodeId=603d1563289a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f69d864413' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#HEART#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8644, encryptionId=f69d864413, topicName=HEART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=80d715270048, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587587, encodeId=c522158e58721, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=662f1824ec1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#VA-ECMO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18247, encryptionId=662f1824ec1, topicName=VA-ECMO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a72217514619, createdName=hxj0123, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1047792, encodeId=e449104e79266, content=梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 17:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-04-15 hxj0123
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1932674, encodeId=6efb19326e499, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5cd95305803' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#患者生存#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=53058, encryptionId=5cd95305803, topicName=患者生存)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=47c5349, createdName=tastas, createdTime=Mon Jun 08 02:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1755653, encodeId=f9371e55653e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=85294906ef' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CMO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4906, encryptionId=85294906ef, topicName=CMO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5e4136982125, createdName=zhangbaojun, createdTime=Thu Jan 28 20:20:59 CST 2021, time=2021-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1262780, encodeId=a9411262e8014, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52941002359d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#预测模型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100235, encryptionId=52941002359d, topicName=预测模型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1357480, encodeId=49fd135e48027, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b0702e84b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ART#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2784, encryptionId=b0702e84b9, topicName=ART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1563289, encodeId=603d1563289a2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f69d864413' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#HEART#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8644, encryptionId=f69d864413, topicName=HEART)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=80d715270048, createdName=slcumt, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587587, encodeId=c522158e58721, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=662f1824ec1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#VA-ECMO#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18247, encryptionId=662f1824ec1, topicName=VA-ECMO)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a72217514619, createdName=hxj0123, createdTime=Wed Apr 15 05:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1047792, encodeId=e449104e79266, content=梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=CHANGE, createdTime=Mon Apr 13 17:20:59 CST 2020, time=2020-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-04-13 CHANGE

    梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!

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