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CSMO 2014:肿瘤基因组学研究进展及临床转化应用

2014-07-15 南京医科大学 沈洪兵 医学论坛网

在7月4日的第八届中国肿瘤内科大会上,南京医科大学的沈洪兵教授介绍了肿瘤基因组学研究进展及临床转化应用。 肿瘤基因组学 肿瘤基因组学是在人类基因组学的基础上,寻找癌相关基因组及遗传序列,筛选及检测肿瘤特异性或相关性表达,判断基因间相互关系,并比较个体之间基因差异,最终用于指导肿瘤发病机制研究及临床肿瘤个体化治疗。肿瘤基因组学的研究主要包括3方面的研究内容:①恶性肿瘤易患性的遗传背景。②遗传物质

在7月4日的第八届中国肿瘤内科大会上,南京医科大学的沈洪兵教授介绍了肿瘤基因组学研究进展及临床转化应用。

肿瘤基因组学

肿瘤基因组学是在人类基因组学的基础上,寻找癌相关基因组及遗传序列,筛选及检测肿瘤特异性或相关性表达,判断基因间相互关系,并比较个体之间基因差异,最终用于指导肿瘤发病机制研究及临床肿瘤个体化治疗。肿瘤基因组学的研究主要包括3方面的研究内容:①恶性肿瘤易患性的遗传背景。②遗传物质的变化或遗传信息表达的异常同恶性肿瘤发生发展的关系。③以遗传学的方法分析环境中导致恶性肿瘤发生的因素。肿瘤基因组学的研究不仅可以为肿瘤的发生提供理论基础,也可以为恶性肿瘤的诊断和防治提供线索。

2005年12月,美国NIH组织NCI(National Cancer Institute)和NHGRI(National Human Genome Research Institute)共同启动开展了肿瘤基因组研究计划(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)。该计划预计在未来13年里找到肺癌、脑癌、卵巢癌等所有困扰人类癌症的致癌基因元凶,从而诊断、治疗这一“绝症”。通过TCGA计划,全球科学家希望协力逐一解开所有癌症的秘密,进而建立一个共享数据库。TCGA的主要研究目的是发现用于解码肿瘤细胞的分子结构所需的信息和技术工具,并增强人类对癌症遗传基础的认识。通过基因组分析技术,包括大规模的基因测序技术的应用,全面致力于癌症分子遗传基础的研究,其最终目标是提高人类诊断、治疗以及预防肿瘤的能力。

肿瘤基因组学研究进展

近年来利用高通量的测序技术以及功能基因手段开展肿瘤基因组学研究为科学家们寻找有效的癌症治疗靶点,制定个体化的治疗策略提供了重要的研究数据。以DNA为研究对象,可以进行全基因组关联研究(GWAS)、全基因组测序(检测基因突变、杂合性缺失LOH、拷贝数变异CNV、染色体结构等)、全基因组甲基化测序(表观遗传学分析)、全外显子测序(检测突变基因)等。以RNA为研究对象,可以进行microRNA谱分析、全转录组分析等。

肿瘤基因组学的临床转化应用

二代测序技术及其衍生产品目前被认为是进行肿瘤精确诊断的希望,该技术已经可以实现单细胞测序,完全可以系统解析肿瘤亚克隆的基因组特征,揭开那些导致恶性表型的特异性突变,发现新的治疗靶点,并增加为患者选择最佳个体化治疗方案的机率。

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    2015-06-13 xuyu
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    2015-01-09 liuhuangbo
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