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两步搞定年幼儿泌尿道感染的诊断与治疗

2016-07-31 协和伟哥 医学界儿科频道

泌尿道感染(UTI)是指病原体直接侵入尿路,在尿液中生长繁殖,并侵入尿路黏膜或组织而引起损伤。包括肾盂肾炎,膀胱炎,尿道炎。由于儿童时期泌尿道感染多不局限在某一部位,且临床难以定位,故常不加区分,统称为泌尿道感染。临床表现差异很大急性UTI的临床症状因患儿年龄的不同存在较大差异,新生儿的临床症状极不典型,多以全身症状为主,如发热或体温不升、苍白、喂养差、呕吐、腹泻等。婴幼儿的症状也不典型,常以

泌尿道感染(UTI)是指病原体直接侵入尿路,在尿液中生长繁殖,并侵入尿路黏膜或组织而引起损伤。包括肾盂肾炎,膀胱炎,尿道炎。由于儿童时期泌尿道感染多不局限在某一部位,且临床难以定位,故常不加区分,统称为泌尿道感染。


临床表现差异很大


急性UTI的临床症状因患儿年龄的不同存在较大差异,新生儿的临床症状极不典型,多以全身症状为主,如发热或体温不升、苍白、喂养差、呕吐、腹泻等。婴幼儿的症状也不典型,常以发热为最突出表现,拒食、呕吐、腹泻等全身症状也较明显。年长儿则以发热、寒战、腹痛等全身症状为主,常伴有腰痛和肾区叩击痛、肋脊角压痛等。同时,尿路刺激征也较明显,可出现尿频、尿急、尿痛、尿液浑浊,偶见肉眼血尿。


过半UTI无法及时诊断


对于儿童UTI,准确而及时的诊断是缓解不适症状,预防长期并发症的最重要途径。目前指南推荐的清洁中段尿、导尿管或耻骨联合上穿刺(SPA)收集尿标本,也很难在疾病早期及时获得。大样本的急症患儿的研究显示,在英国的初级医疗机构,仅有2.2%的清洁中段尿样本满足UTI的诊断标准。几乎一半的泌尿道感染无法及时诊断。


主要有以下几点原因,首先,在患儿初诊时,涉及泌尿道感染的临床证据较匮乏,多数指南强调发热的重要性,但部分小婴儿可能发热不明显;其次,泌尿道感染的特异性症状和体征较少,特别是对于年幼儿。另外,获得清洁无污染的尿样面临挑战,指南推荐的导尿管或穿刺收集尿液的方法常会引起疼痛和恐慌,甚至本身就可能诱发感染。


看看AAP指南怎么说


1.对于不明原因的发热患儿,医生应根据临床表现决定是否使用抗生素,在使用抗生素之前,收集尿样本进行尿液分析和细菌培养,尿样本的获得可以通过导尿管或耻骨联合上穿刺,UTI的诊断不能通过尿袋收集的尿液样本培养确立。


2.根据临床评估,对于不需要立即使用抗生素治疗的发热患儿,应进一步评估;对于UTI可能性很低的患儿,不需要进一步检查,仅随访即可。对于高风险UTI患儿,可以选择通过导尿管或SPA获得尿液样本进行尿液分析和细菌培养;或者仅通过常规方法获得尿样本,若尿液分析结果证实UTI(白细胞酯酶试验阳性或亚硝酸盐检测阳性或尿镜检白细胞或细菌阳性),则需进一步通过导尿管或SPA获得尿样本进行细菌培养;若新鲜尿液(真空小于1小时)分析白细胞酯酶试验和亚硝酸盐检测阴性,仅进行临床监测,不需抗生素治疗,但阴性尿液分析结果不能排除UTI。


3.明确的UTI诊断应包括尿液分析证实感染(脓尿和/或菌尿),以及清洁尿培养发现尿路病原体至少50000 CFUs/mL。


4.临床医生应根据实际情况选择给药途径,口服或非肠道给药效果相当;并根据当地的抗生素敏感性,或按照分离出的尿道病原体的药物敏感性选择治疗药物。抗生素的使用时间应持续7-14天。经验性用药包括,阿莫西林-克拉维酸、磺胺类、头孢菌素类药物。


5.UTI的发热患儿应进行肾脏和膀胱超声检查,以发现是否存在器官解剖异常,并进行另外的影像学检查或泌尿科治疗。


6.对于第一次发热的UTI患者,不应常规进行膀胱尿道造影检查,对于超声检查发现肾积水、肾瘢痕、高度的膀胱输尿管反流、尿路梗阻的患儿,则需进一步行造影检查。对于反复的泌尿道感染患者,也需要进一步的检查。


7.已确诊的UTI患儿,临床医生应指导父母及时发现(最好在48小时内)未来可能再出现的发热,以便及早的检查和治疗。


最新的研究如何两步搞定UTI


最新的研究根据临床特征以及来自清洁中段尿样本获得的实验室数据,发展了新的UTI诊断和治疗方法,以帮助临床医生筛选需要尿检和抗生素治疗的患儿。该研究主要纳入5岁以下患儿,至少存在一种全身症状(包括发热、呕吐、嗜睡、易怒、不安、喂养困难、生长停滞),和/或至少一种尿道症状(包括腹痛、3月以下儿童黄疸、血尿、尿臭、浑浊、腰痛、尿频、尿急、尿痛)。


第一步,通过临床症状和体征判断哪些患儿需要收集清洁中段尿样本(对于评分≥5或5项症状、体征中出现至少3项者)。比较关心过度诊断和过度治疗的医生,可以选择6分作为阈值以提高诊断特异性。不过更高的敏感性阈值(如≥3或4分)会降低诊断不足,但不符合成本效益。


表一:哪些患儿需要获取尿液样本

临床表现

评分

症状和体征:

排尿时疼痛或哭闹

尿臭

UTI病史

缺乏严重咳嗽

严重疾病表现

指导进一步尿液收集

2

2

1

2

2

注:评分≥5的患儿或存在以上5项至少3项者,需收集清洁尿标本。


第二步,根据尿液样本试纸条检测结果,联合第一步的症状、体征指导经验性抗生素治疗。尿液白细胞、亚硝酸盐和尿潜血阳性与UTI密切相关,试纸条检测结果联合症状和体征可以使UTI诊断的敏感性达到80%,而诊断特异性也由88.3%提高到93.8%。同时将抗生素治疗儿童从13.2%减少到7.8%。


表二:哪些患儿需要抗生素治疗

临床表现

评分

症状和体征:

排尿时疼痛或哭闹

尿臭

UTI病史

缺乏严重咳嗽

严重疾病表现

试纸条检测:

白细胞阳性

亚硝酸盐阳性

潜血阳性

指导进一步尿液收集

2

2

1

2

2

 

2

3

1


总之,基于临床表现的新的两步法诊断和治疗UTI优于单纯的临床诊断,年幼儿非侵入性尿液样本收集后,试纸检测结果能够明显改善抗生素治疗的特异性,增加诊断的敏感性。而发热患儿并不能作为UTI可能性的危险分层,试纸条检测能够用来改善这一类人群经验性使用抗生素的特异性。不过,该两步法可以作为临床诊断和治疗年幼儿童UTI的补充,但不能取代医生的临床判断。


参考文献:

(1)Hay AD, et al. Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Young Children in Primary Care: Results from the DUTY Prospective Diagnostic Cohort Study. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Jul;14(4):325-36.

(2)Roberts KB; Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):595-610.

(3)王卫平, 儿科学, 第八版。北京:人民卫生出版社,2013. 333-336页。

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    2017-05-30 lifestar
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    2016-09-08 ylzr123

    好文赞一个!深入学习。

    0

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    2016-07-31 onetree

    老师以前说过小孩很少会出现敏感到感染

    0

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