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用AI筛查罕见病,几位年轻的中国医生和科学家做到了!

2017-02-07 李莹 奇点网

人工智能是医生的好帮手,这点大家都不陌生了。目前已经出现了很多用于筛查和辅助决策的医疗机器人,比如说IBM的Watson,Deepmind的AIphaGo,二者均建立在大数据上。然而,对于罕见病来说,很难获得高质量的数据,这就引发一个问题:在罕见病的筛查和辅助诊断中能否应用人工智能呢?受到2015年谷歌DeepMind发表论文的启发,中国中山大学中山眼科中心的80后眼科医生林浩添和他的同事萌生

人工智能是医生的好帮手,这点大家都不陌生了。目前已经出现了很多用于筛查和辅助决策的医疗机器人,比如说IBM的Watson,Deepmind的AIphaGo,二者均建立在大数据上。然而,对于罕见病来说,很难获得高质量的数据,这就引发一个问题:在罕见病的筛查和辅助诊断中能否应用人工智能呢?

受到2015年谷歌DeepMind发表论文的启发,中国中山大学中山眼科中心的80后眼科医生林浩添和他的同事萌生出想要创建一个人工智能平台来挖掘他们在先天性白内障的临床数据,进而达到筛查和辅助诊断的目的。他们联合西安电子科技大学刘西洋教授利用ILSVRC 2014(ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge of 2014)的冠军模型来建立识别先天性白内障的深度学习模型(该模型被认为在图像识别领域占主导地位,可用于训练和分类),取名为CC-Cruiser。本次研究成果于2017年1月30日发表在Nature Biomedical Engineering期刊上【2】。

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林浩添

之所以选择先天性白内障(congenital cataract)作为本次研究对象,因为这种疾病会导致失明和视力损伤,多在出生前后即已存在,或在儿童期内罹患,在我国发病率为0.05%。此外,它作为一种典型的罕见病,集合慢性和急性疾病的特点,适合测试案例。

训练CC-Cruiser的图片集,研究者采用了来自中国卫生部儿童白内障计划(CCPMOH)例行检查的一部分图片,包括410幅不同严重程度的先天性白内障儿童患者的眼部图像,476幅正常儿童眼睛图像。所有图片均由两名有经验的眼科医师独立地进行分类和描述,第三名眼科医师对分歧案例提供咨询。这三名人类医师是没有接触过CC-Cruiser的。

 

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完成训练后,CC-Cruiser基本具备三个功能:

  1.  筛查患有先天性白内障的患者
  2.  对患者进行危险评估,评估主要有三个指标:晶状体的不透明面积、深浅和位置
  3. 协助眼科医师进行治疗决策

 

研究者对CC-Cruiser进行了5次测试。在计算机模拟测试中,CC-Cruiser筛查先天性白内障患者的准确率为98.87%。在危险评估功能中,三个指标(不透明面积、深浅和位置)判断的准确率为93.98%, 95.06% 和95.12%。在辅助决策,给眼科医师提供建议的准确率为97.56%。

为了进一步探讨CC-Cruiser的通用性和实用性,研究者选择三家非眼科的医院进行测试,两家医院在广州市,一家在清远市。因为研究者希望CC-Cruiser最终帮助的对象就是这些缺乏现场眼科医生的医院。在57幅儿童眼部图片中,筛查的准确率为98.25%。危险评估的三项指标(面积、深浅、位置)的准确率分别100%, 92.86% 和 100%。辅助决策的准确率为92.86%。

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图为CC-Cruiser与人类医师的比较测试

在和人类眼科医师的比较测试中,CC-Cruiser表现也非常出色。专家小组包括3名眼科医师,一名拥有十年经验的眼科专家、一名已经完成眼科临床培训和具体培训的主管医生,以及一名完成理论学习并开始临床实践的新手医生。在50例图像中,CC-Cruiser找出了所有先天性白内障患者。而三名眼科医师在第3例图片上都犯了错误——误将图片的高光区域诊断为先天性白内障。在危险评估和辅助决策中,CC-Cruiser表现也不错,对所有需要进行手术的患者都给予了正确的治疗建议。因此,研究者认为CC-Cruiser可以称得上是一个“合格的眼科医生”。

然而,光当个“合格医生”可不够。目前中国的罕见病管理比较落后,主要是费用贵,地域比较分散,患者难以享受到专业高质量的护理。中国人口众多,罕见病管理往往存在漏诊或误诊以及不当的治疗决策等问题,这可和一直倡导的“精准治疗”目标相距甚远。为此,研究者将CC-Cruiser搬到了“云”上,用于先天性白内障的医疗服务管理。

研究者建立了CC-Cruiser的网站(https://www.cc-cruiser.com/version1),与面向医院的Watson机器人不同,普通用户通过注册也能接入这个网站。进入网站后用户可以上传自己的眼部图片,网站会立马给出诊断,诊断结果包括:是否有病、面积大小、深浅、位置、治疗建议(手术还是随访)。同时,网站对那些想要测试CC-Cruiser程序的用户提供了50例典型案例提供下载,这些案例覆盖了大部分的临床情况,正常情况,不需要进行手术的白内障,不同严重程度的透明度、应接受紧急干预高危病例。

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CC-Cruiser的网站的界面(奇点糕用样本测试后的结果)

经过用户同意后,用户的临床信息(目前为图像)和人口信息会上传到网站,保存到数据库中。如果CC-Cruiser建议患者进行手术,那么立马会通知CCPMOH的医生进行进一步的确认。为了防止误诊和漏诊,每周CCPMOH的医生会检查所有上传的案例,包括CC-Cruiser判断为正常和患病的案例。之后,患者可以和医生进行沟通,网站提供电子邮件和日间电话服务,以此确认是否需要进行手术。

怀着一颗好奇心,奇点糕进入CC-Cruiser网站后,首先用手机照了一张自己眼睛的图片,结果为没病,很安心!然后用网站中样本测试中的图片,结果为有病。又在网上找了一张先天性白内障患者的眼部图片,结果为有病。紧接着,因为网站对图片格式没有要求,奇点糕脑洞大开地把这篇文章的封面图片拿去测试了一下,结果还是有病。最后,奇点糕随便找了一张驴唇不对马嘴的图片,就是下面这张图片,结果仍然有病……看来研究者需要对网站上传的图片格式有所要求。

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林浩添在接受IEEE Spectrum的采访中表示,医生应该充分利用人工智能的建议来防止潜在的错误和补充自己的判断,但同时,对于治疗来说,医生和患者之间的互动交流是必不可少的,对于机器来说,想要模仿人的情感是非常具有挑战性的。医生和患者之间的互动将是人类智慧的最后一个堡垒。

该研究团队希望,在进一步的临床试验中,非眼科医院的医生可以使用该程序来筛查患者并将患者送到专业的医疗中心。患者最终也可以利用它。正如AI不仅可以理解为Artificial Intelligence,也可以理解为Augmented Intelligence,即扩增智慧。林浩添认为,人工智能的最终目标是利用它,与人的能力相结合,创造一个更美好的世界。

原始出处:

【1】http://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/diagnostics/ophthalmologists-vs-ai-its-a-tie

【2】Erping Long, Haotian Lin, Zhenzhen Liu,et al.An artificial intelligence platform for the multihospitalcollaborative management of congenital cataracts. Nature Biomedical Engineering.

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    2017-02-09 天涯183

    了不起,大赞

    0

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    2017-02-09 syscxl
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    2017-02-07 墨尔

    中国也是有很厉害的人物的,相信会越来越好的。

    0

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    2017-02-07 蔬菜

    厉害啊,一直想做AI

    0

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    2017-02-07 1e15b6fem30(暂无匿称)

    很好的学习资料,感谢了。

    0

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