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2018年ICRNM现场精彩呈现:Denis Fouque解析饮食如何影响CKD的治疗结局

2018-07-05 MedSci MedSci原创

酮酸结合低蛋白饮食治疗应用于CKD3~4期患者的治疗时,可以有效地改善患者的营养状态。

国际肾脏营养与代谢学会(ISRNM)是最重要的肾脏科学组织,致力于肾脏疾病的营养和新陈代谢的研究与教育。ISRNM通过每年两次的多学科国际大会、肾脏营养学报和科学声明将科学家、公共卫生官员、执业医师和营养师紧密联系在一起,以第一时间分享肾病领域的最新临床和科学信息。2018年6月26日至30日,第19届国际肾脏营养与代谢学会大会(ICRNM)在意大利热那亚举行,在此,我们将第一时间为您翔实介绍会议上提出的最新观点与最新进展。



专家简介

Denis Fouque教授,法国里昂Edouard Herriot医院肾内科主任,国际肾脏营养与代谢学会前任主席,美国费城肾脏营养杂志主编。其主要研究领域为慢性肾病患者的透析、营养和代谢。



经谷歌学术统计,Denis Fouque教授共计发表文章170余篇。2013年至今,Denis Fouque教授学术论着的累积引用次数高达14869,h指数高达59,i10指数高达189。



背景简介--CKD的威胁与LPD

慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)已经成为威胁全世界公共健康的主要疾病,CKD不仅发病率高、致死率高,而且可以引起心、脑等多器官损害。发达国家的CKD发病率为6.5-16%,我国的CKD发病率为10.8%。CKD是由各种原因引起的慢性肾脏结构和功能障碍(肾脏损害病史大于3个月)的临床统称。低蛋白饮食(LPD)是指限制日常饮食中的蛋白质供给量,大量临床研究表明,LPD不仅能减少蛋白质分解代谢物的生成和蓄积,减少CKD患者的蛋白尿水平,而且能通过降低肾小球的高灌注及高滤过来保护肾功能,进而减轻残余肾单位高负荷的工作状态。

低蛋白、低盐饮食对入球小动脉的影响

多项研究已经证明,持续的LPD已被用于减少肾小球损伤、稳定CKD病情及改善肾功能。据一篇Denis Fouque教授2017年发表于《新英格兰医学》杂志上的研究表明[1],低膳食蛋白摄入量会导致入球小动脉的收缩、降低肾小球内压,进而减轻肾小球系膜细胞(M)的信号传导,导致转化生长因子β(TGF-β)表达的降低,最终减少间质纤维化。同时实验已经证明,LPD与低钠饮食可以相互协同,减少肾小球内压、肾小球滤过率(GFR)和肾小球损伤。相反,高蛋白饮食可扩张入球小动脉并提高肾小球内压,导致GFR短时间内增加,最终刺激肾小球系膜细胞(M)信号传导,导致TGF-β释放增加,进而推助纤维化和肾脏损害。



那么在CKD疾病的不同阶段,我们应采用什么样的饮食策略呢?Denis Fouque教授同样在这篇文章中给出了解答,对于晚期CKD或透析前的患者,宜进行LPD,对于此类患者,理想的蛋白摄入量为0.4-0.6g/kg体重/天;对于晚期CKD、透析前或透析中的患者,钠摄入量应低于3g/天,但不应低于1.5g/天;同样,晚期CKD、透析前或透析中的患者对于钾的摄入量也应降低。



那么,LPD的优势到底有哪些呢?Denis Fouque教授同样给出了答案:1. LPD与血管紧张素途径调节剂协同作用以降低肾小球内压;2. 降低蛋白尿水平;3. 减少氢离子生成;4. 改善矿物质骨病;5. 较低的蛋白质摄入量与较低的盐和饱和脂肪摄入量相关,并且由于植物性食物的比例较高,动脉粥样硬化风险降低;6. 改善患者肠道微生态的组成,防止尿毒症毒素的产生。

酮酸治疗CKD的专家共识

LPD的益处已经得到充分论证,但值得注意的是,低蛋白饮食的错误使用容易导致过低的蛋白摄入,造成必需氨基酸的缺乏,因此对低蛋白饮食配方的改良就显得尤其关键,这就涉及了酮酸治疗(KD)的概念,酮酸治疗广义是指在LPD或VLPD的基础上加入酮酸。

在一项专家共识中,研究人员以eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2)为指标来指导患者的每日蛋白摄入量及酮酸治疗。我们可以清晰地看到,当eGFR小于44时,酮酸治疗是专家们强烈推荐的。基于酮酸治疗的低蛋白、低盐、低磷酸盐饮食增加了患者能量利用效率,同时降低了尿毒症综合症、降低了蛋白能量消耗(PEW),总体而言,延缓了终末期肾病(ESRD)的发生[2]



总结

鉴于CKD的高发病率和普遍性以及对药物替代性疾病管理策略的迫切需求,以患者为中心且具有成本效益的营养治疗有助于延长CKD患者寿命。酮酸结合低蛋白饮食治疗应用于CKD 3 ~ 4期患者的治疗时,可以有效地改善患者的营养状态,降低营养不良的发生率,稳定并延缓肾功能衰退,推荐所有CKD患者采用。

参考文献

[1]Kalantar-Zadeh, Kamyar, and Denis Fouque. "Nutritional management of chronic kidney disease." New England Journal of Medicine 377.18 (2017): 1765-1776.

[2]Aparicio, Michel, et al. "Keto acid therapy in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients: final consensus." Journal of renal nutrition 22.2 (2012): S22-S24.

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    2018-09-01 hongbochen
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1694905, encodeId=078b169490518, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce9b64692d2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗结局#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64692, encryptionId=ce9b64692d2, topicName=治疗结局)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4d1829785524, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Wed Mar 20 09:46:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1672887, encodeId=ff7616e28870c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b79b910345c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#解析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91034, encryptionId=b79b910345c, topicName=解析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42d26916490, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Sat Sep 01 23:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005688, encodeId=8cd72005688e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ff1525e13' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5257, encryptionId=6ff1525e13, topicName=CRN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=35fc2500023, createdName=yanjie6253_56072842, createdTime=Wed Nov 28 01:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329562, encodeId=895c329562e0, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:20:58 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329561, encodeId=7aa532956161, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:15:34 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329555, encodeId=7ad032955588, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:05:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329547, encodeId=58ba32954ed7, content=健康饮食很重要啊!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jul 05 17:04:55 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-05 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1694905, encodeId=078b169490518, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce9b64692d2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗结局#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64692, encryptionId=ce9b64692d2, topicName=治疗结局)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4d1829785524, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Wed Mar 20 09:46:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1672887, encodeId=ff7616e28870c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b79b910345c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#解析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91034, encryptionId=b79b910345c, topicName=解析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42d26916490, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Sat Sep 01 23:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005688, encodeId=8cd72005688e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ff1525e13' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5257, encryptionId=6ff1525e13, topicName=CRN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=35fc2500023, createdName=yanjie6253_56072842, createdTime=Wed Nov 28 01:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329562, encodeId=895c329562e0, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:20:58 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329561, encodeId=7aa532956161, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:15:34 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329555, encodeId=7ad032955588, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:05:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329547, encodeId=58ba32954ed7, content=健康饮食很重要啊!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jul 05 17:04:55 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-05 惠映实验室

    学习了.谢谢分享.

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1694905, encodeId=078b169490518, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce9b64692d2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗结局#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64692, encryptionId=ce9b64692d2, topicName=治疗结局)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4d1829785524, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Wed Mar 20 09:46:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1672887, encodeId=ff7616e28870c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b79b910345c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#解析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91034, encryptionId=b79b910345c, topicName=解析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42d26916490, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Sat Sep 01 23:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005688, encodeId=8cd72005688e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ff1525e13' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5257, encryptionId=6ff1525e13, topicName=CRN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=35fc2500023, createdName=yanjie6253_56072842, createdTime=Wed Nov 28 01:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329562, encodeId=895c329562e0, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:20:58 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329561, encodeId=7aa532956161, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:15:34 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329555, encodeId=7ad032955588, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:05:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329547, encodeId=58ba32954ed7, content=健康饮食很重要啊!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jul 05 17:04:55 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-05 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1694905, encodeId=078b169490518, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ce9b64692d2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗结局#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64692, encryptionId=ce9b64692d2, topicName=治疗结局)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=4d1829785524, createdName=zhangjiqing, createdTime=Wed Mar 20 09:46:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1672887, encodeId=ff7616e28870c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b79b910345c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#解析#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91034, encryptionId=b79b910345c, topicName=解析)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42d26916490, createdName=hongbochen, createdTime=Sat Sep 01 23:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2005688, encodeId=8cd72005688e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6ff1525e13' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CRN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5257, encryptionId=6ff1525e13, topicName=CRN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=35fc2500023, createdName=yanjie6253_56072842, createdTime=Wed Nov 28 01:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329562, encodeId=895c329562e0, content=学习了受益匪浅, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=101, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:20:58 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329561, encodeId=7aa532956161, content=学习了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/xkvRjYnJzzRJ2R0y7VhicibvkjPWHjIMmu4ZpKnE9cWAu4lVicS3uDUCfF4M4JWvrkrYfpb2KehPV0Ee29tPqyPEebBUibiaKhnvD/0, createdBy=f8412001184, createdName=惠映实验室, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:15:34 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329555, encodeId=7ad032955588, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Thu Jul 05 19:05:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329547, encodeId=58ba32954ed7, content=健康饮食很重要啊!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jul 05 17:04:55 CST 2018, time=2018-07-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-05 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    健康饮食很重要啊!

    0

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