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权威专家支招——得了腰椎间盘突出症怎么办?

2016-04-28 尹战海 好大夫在线

——遵循“动静结合”的原则 长时间的弯腰工(劳)作,干家务会导致人的腰椎间盘退变。这是人类身体进化未完全适应人类工作、生活方式的后果。四足动物腰椎平行于地面,不需要承受弯腰时上半身的前倾力矩;而人类需要长期弯腰干活,腰椎间盘、关节突关节、韧带、肌肉要承受很大的前倾力矩,所以很早就发生腰椎间盘退变(图1)。 图1. 腰部活动时的错误姿势,会导致腰椎间盘退变。 腰椎间盘

——遵循“动静结合”的原则

长时间的弯腰工(劳)作,干家务会导致人的腰椎间盘退变。这是人类身体进化未完全适应人类工作、生活方式的后果。四足动物腰椎平行于地面,不需要承受弯腰时上半身的前倾力矩;而人类需要长期弯腰干活,腰椎间盘、关节突关节、韧带、肌肉要承受很大的前倾力矩,所以很早就发生腰椎间盘退变(图1)。


图1. 腰部活动时的错误姿势,会导致腰椎间盘退变。

腰椎间盘外层纤维环破裂,髓核突出,压迫神经根,导致腰臀部疼痛(牵涉痛)和腿部疼痛(放射痛)(图2)。

 

图2.腰椎间盘突出症疼痛机理。a.腰椎间盘突出压迫神经示意图;b.牵涉性腰痛区域;c.放射性腿痛区域(臀部、大腿前外侧、小腿内外侧、足背、足底)。

患者腰臀部的牵涉痛是由于分布于纤维环、硬膜、关节突关节、椎旁肌的痛觉神经纤维受刺激所致;表现为腰部困痛或锐痛;理疗、按摩、贴膏药可缓解;但单纯的椎间盘切除手术早期并不能明显缓解腰部和臀部疼痛,除非同时做椎体间融合手术。而患者大腿、小腿或足部的放射状疼痛是由于椎间盘突出压迫神经根所致。

轻度的椎间盘突出称之为“膨出”,表现为原来呈肾脏形状的椎间盘在肾门凹陷处隆起,可以理解成象棋子的鼓肚子样形状。而局部突兀、不圆滑的椎间盘隆起则称之为“突出”(图3)。一般情况下,“膨出”是椎间盘突出的早期阶段,一般可以通过非手术治疗得到缓解;而“突出”在非手术治疗3-6月后不能缓解时常需手术摘除突出且产生压迫的椎间盘。

正常椎间盘             膨出                   突出

图3.腰椎间盘膨出与突出

如何预防腰椎间盘突出?1.首先要避免长期不间断的腰椎间应力活动,如长时间打麻将,上网,看电视,久坐,劳动等。每1小时要起身活动一次,如广播体操,太极拳等,或只是给自己5分钟踢踢腿,活动活动腰。2.其次要采取正确的坐、立、干活姿势(让重物尽量贴近人体的重心线),减轻腰椎间的应力。如下图所示(图4)。

图4.腰部活动的正确姿势

3. 加强腰背肌锻炼。可以在俯卧在床上做“燕子飞”(角弓反张)动作,或挺腹动作(图5)。

图5.腰背肌锻炼的正确姿势

为什么要做这些动作?人体腰椎间盘在30岁后开始退变、脱水,相应的其周围的纤维环、后方的关节突关节所受应力增加,也发生退变。退变的结果是腰椎在活动时稳定性下降,神经受刺激导致腰痛。人体除了上述的脊柱稳定装置,还存在动态的稳定装置——腰椎周围肌肉(包括腰大肌、腰方肌、竖脊肌等)(图6A,B)。这些椎旁肌对维持腰段脊柱的稳定性至关重要,尤其是在脊柱静态稳定装置(椎间盘、纤维环、关节突关节)失效后。椎旁肌就像帆船桅杆周围的斜拉索具(图6C),又像电线杆周围起稳定作用的钢丝牵引线(图6D)。只有这些斜拉索强壮结实,桅杆和电线杆才能稳固。同样道理,只有锻炼出强壮的腰部肌肉,才能稳定住已经退变的腰椎结构,避免进一步的腰椎不稳,椎间盘突出,压迫神经根。

图6.维持腰段脊柱稳定的腰背肌(A,B),起到类似帆船桅杆周围帆索(C)和电线杆周围斜拉索(D)相似的稳定作用。

一旦得了腰椎间盘突出症,如何治疗?

非手术治疗的目的在于:消除神经根水肿,减轻局部的炎症;松弛腰段肌肉,减轻椎间盘内的压力;消除腰段肌肉内的炎症反应,打破恶性循环。对于“仅有腰痛症状,没有或有轻度腿麻症状”的患者,建议行非手术治疗。

方法包括:1.休息,但并非绝对卧床。急性发作时可考虑卧床,目的是放松痉挛的腰部肌肉,减轻椎间盘所受的应力。但长期卧床(2周以上)会导致腰部肌肉松弛,一旦起床难以发挥稳定腰椎的作用,进一步加重症状。国际上最新的观点是“动静结合”。即疼痛急性期休息制动,疼痛缓解后戴支具下床适当活动,以起到缓解腰部肌肉痉挛,重建人体腰部肌肉动态平衡的目的。

2.保护性腰围应用。硬质腰围可以起到“体外韧带”的作用,协助稳定腰段脊柱。

3.理疗,推拿,按摩,热敷均可起到“活血化瘀,消炎止痛”的目的。

4.牵引对缓解腰部肌肉痉挛有效,是一种被动的缓解神经根压迫的措施,暂时有效。

5.可以辅助以药物治疗,包括抗炎止痛-氟比洛芬巴布膏、消痛贴膏等膏药和塞来昔布、依托考昔等口服药,消肿-迈之灵,放松肌肉-乙哌立松,营养神经-甲钴胺,等。

对于保守治疗3-6月无效;疼痛和神经根受损症状的进行性加重;且严重影响生活质量的患者,可以行椎间盘摘除等手术治疗。

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    2016-09-01 ylzr123

    好文,值得学习,赞!

    0

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    2016-05-07 1de4921fm57(暂无匿称)

    尤其第六个动作特管用可以说能治愈腰肌劳损

    0

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    2016-04-28 文医生

    讲述的很好

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683753, encodeId=760d1683e530a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=599862899ba' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#椎间盘突出#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62899, encryptionId=599862899ba, topicName=椎间盘突出)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=104527995107, createdName=lfyang, createdTime=Mon Mar 27 20:11:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=108719, encodeId=2197108e1907, content=好文,值得学习,赞!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7s7ZCKOmmbBTD6nE7gcd5OZpvyGEzkxBP3S275k5ZJVrsPkotZhBglRHM9rKvcj1OgkssqhcnoPw8zIaMZTF8c/0, createdBy=4c441942088, createdName=ylzr123, createdTime=Thu Sep 01 08:49:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1774940, encodeId=90b41e74940e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17135e073b5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#支招#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=57073, encryptionId=17135e073b5, topicName=支招)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c21738724507, createdName=psybestwish, createdTime=Sun May 08 12:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=84451, encodeId=76c6844514c, content=尤其第六个动作特管用可以说能治愈腰肌劳损, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=188, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160613/IMG575D9886B86721544.jpg, createdBy=07961686486, createdName=1de4921fm57(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat May 07 01:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1272056, encodeId=f14712e2056b5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd1a854340b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85434, encryptionId=cd1a854340b, topicName=腰椎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e93e105, createdName=anminleiryan, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 05:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1615395, encodeId=f5dd16153959d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6c6b85465c0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎间盘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85465, encryptionId=6c6b85465c0, topicName=腰椎间盘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7c4619628184, createdName=12498974m57暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 30 05:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83231, encodeId=0bc38323141, content=讲述的很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=175, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e4371683642, createdName=文医生, createdTime=Thu Apr 28 23:28:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=83226, encodeId=167c8322657, content=实用规范科学, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=183, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160426/IMG571F837F6E24A7354.jpg, createdBy=6f9e1717929, createdName=泉水叮咚, createdTime=Thu Apr 28 22:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-04-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-04-28 泉水叮咚

    实用规范科学

    0

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