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Nat rev2011内分泌研究进展:多囊卵巢综合症

2012-04-20 段梦 互联网

文献标题:Polycystic ovary syndrome in 2011: Genes, aging and sleep apnea in polycystic ovary syndrome.(全文) 期刊来源:Nature reviews. Endocrinology.2012-02;8(2):72-4. 期刊影响因子:9.191 多囊卵巢综合症2011:多囊卵巢综合症的基因

文献标题:Polycystic ovary syndrome in 2011: Genes, aging and sleep apnea in polycystic ovary syndrome.(全文)
期刊来源:Nature reviews. Endocrinology.2012-02;8(2):72-4.
期刊影响因子:9.191

多囊卵巢综合症2011:多囊卵巢综合症的基因、衰老和睡眠呼吸暂停

多囊卵巢综合症

  多囊卵巢综合症(PCOS)是复杂的遗传性疾病,全世界范围内,大约7%的育龄女性受累。从研究PCOS病因的新方法(基因组关联分析(GWAS))到老年PCOS患者的生殖和代谢变化的特点,2011年已公开发表的研究显示了这一疾病的复杂性。

  关键进展

  ♦ 在中国汉族女性患者中用基因组关联分析(GWAS)检测到3个PCOS易感基因位点;
  ♦ 绝经后PCOS患者存在卵巢和肾上腺起源的雄激素过多综合症和胰岛素抵抗;
  ♦ PCOS患者中,阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停综合症(OSA)与胰岛素抵抗呈正相关,持续气道正压治疗可改善胰岛素敏感性。  


  2011年全基因组关联分析(GWAS)第一次被用于多囊卵巢综合症(PCOS)的研究。自从2005年单体型图的出版,GWAS被广为应用,用于寻找复杂疾病的敏感基因,诸如肥胖和2型糖尿病(T2DM)。这个分析方法可以全基因组范围内检测出所有变异的疾病易感基因位点,并且这个方法需要预先假设致病基因,这一点和候选基因策略不同。PCOS的第一次基因组关联分析(GWAS)是在中国汉族女性中做的,以荷兰鹿特丹市的PCOS诊断标准筛选研究对象。(即符合下列2/3条件的:月经过少、雄激素分泌过多和/或超声波显示多囊卵巢)在744名PCOS病例和895名对照的研究、两个类似的重复性研究中(分别为:2840名PCOS病例和5012名对照、498名PCOS病例和780名对照),研究者发现PCOS和染色体2p16.3 (OR 0.71)、 2p21 (OR 0.67) 和 9q33.3 (OR 1.34)基因位点之间有重要意义的全基因水平关联。

  研究显示,包括包括GTF2A1L 和LHCGR在内的几个位于2号染色体p16.3附近的的基因,和PCOS关系最为密切。GTF2A1L编码TFIIAα/β-样因子(ALF),是成人睾丸里高度表达的生殖细胞特异性转录因子,参与精子的形成。仍不清楚GTF2A1L的变异是如何导致PCOS。LHCGR编码孕酮-绒毛膜激素受体(LH/CG-R),是一个高度可疑的PCOS候选基因。和2号染色体p21位点关系最为密切的是THADA,而THADA最初在甲状腺腺瘤中发现。在欧洲血统的白人中,一项GEAS研究中显示THADA 和2型糖尿病(T2DM)之间有关联。在9号染色体 q33.3和PCOS相关的区域是DENND1A,DENND1A编码在正常细胞和肿瘤细胞之间不同表达的区域(DENN),DENN能结合并负反馈调节内质网氨基转肽酶。曾有研究报道肥胖的PCOS患者其血液循环中有高浓度的内质网氨基转肽酶。因此,THADA 和 DENND1A的变化导致了PCOS患者2型糖尿病和肥胖的风险。

  GWAS信息反应了这些基因变异而非其他与这些位点连锁不平衡相关的基因变异,这些还需要进一步的基因分析来确定。另外,其他种族或民族人群和其他表型的PCOS易感性的位点的作用,比如,在使用儿童健康和人类发展的国家研究所(NICHD)标准诊断的PCOS患者中的作用,需要进一步的调查研究。在单卵双胞胎中的研究显示其PCOS遗传的可能性接近80%。然而,在PCOS患者中经过 GWAS明确的基因位点研究显示了轻度的致病风险,不能解释观察到的PCOS遗传变异。这个所谓的“遗传缺失”也可见于其他复杂的疾病中,比如2型糖尿病,也有可能反应了复杂疾病的罕见(并非常见)变异。不过,在对于疾病致病机理的研究包括,GWAS作为一种新型生物学途径是很重要的。

  关于PCOS患者随着年龄变化的生殖和代谢变化,目前知之甚少。在2011年,两个横断面的研究在患PCOS和没有患PCOS的绝经后女性之间比较其第六个十年中的生活状况。在这两个研究中,PCOS的诊断是依据NICHD标准,Puurunen等的研究也包括了绝经前的PCOS患者(这些患者依据鹿特丹港市诊断标准), 对照组由生殖功能正常的绝经前女性组成。Markopoulos等发现,绝经后PCOS患者血液循环中总睾酮、雄烯二酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮和17-羟孕酮浓度水平高和游离雄激素指数(FAI)增加。但是,性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)水平比对照组低。尚无证据认为PCOS患者促肾上腺皮质素释放素(亦称促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素)或促肾上腺皮质激素敏感性升高,这表明了肾上腺雄激素产物的增高并不是由于促激素应答性的改变。地塞米松的抑制提出了总体睾酮和脱氢表雄酮(DHEAS)水平部分起源于肾上腺。Puurunen等也发现,和对照组比较基础的和对绒毛膜促性腺激素有反应时的雄烯二酮水平,绝经后PCOS患者升高。而且,他们发现校正了BMI后,和对照组比较,绝经后PCOS患者的胰岛素抵抗和炎症反应增加。

  在2011年的一项前瞻性研究中,Schmidt等在1956-1965年行卵巢楔形切除或单侧卵巢切除术的基础上,从卵巢的病理组织学基础诊断PCOS。这些患者在1987年接受检测,对照组来自于一项以人群为基础的研究。两个人群在2008年(在她们人生中第八个十年里)召回重测。PCOS人群游离雄激素指数(FAI)较高、促卵泡素(亦称卵泡刺激激素)和性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)水平较低,对照组相应值较低,早在1987年的检测也是如此。1987年,DHEAS、总睾酮和雄烯二酮水平在绝经前PCOS患者中较高,但在绝经后,这些激素和对照组近似。在绝经后PCOS患者中甲状腺功能减退症的患病率比对照组低。

  总之,这三个研究认为,卵巢和肾上腺起源的雄激素过多综合症和胰岛素抵抗是绝经后PCOS患者合并症。绝经后的PCOS患者随着年龄的增长其雄激素水平下降,以致于超过70岁女性其游离雄激素指数(FAI)的差异。相反,随着年龄的增长,SHBG和FSH水平下降。所有的研究限于小规模的研究,这可以解释甲状腺功能减退发病率的差异。在横断面的研究中,PCOS的准确诊断依赖于病史记载,这有一定的局限性,尽管月经过少和雄激素过多综合症(比如多毛症)是PCOS的典型征状。

  PCOS患者的阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停综合症(OSA)的发病率增高,独立于肥胖——一个OSA众所周知的危险因素。在PCOS患者中,雄激素水平和胰岛素抵抗和OSA呈正相关。在2011年,Tasali和他的同事提出在PCOS患者OSA是由于胰岛素抵抗,这和其他OSA人群相似。研究者为了验证这一假说,用持续气道正压治疗这类患者,发现患者胰岛素敏感性改善虽然轻微,但有统计学意义。有报道去甲肾上腺素水平显著下降,肾上腺素、皮质醇和瘦素水平没有改变,这个观察性研究认为,胰岛素敏感性的降低受交感神经系统活性调节。合并有OSA的PCOS患者其舒张压并没有升高,随着CPAP治疗显著下降。

  本研究的局限性是可以接受CPAP干预的样本量小,而且,研究对象体型肥胖,平均BMI为48.4 kg/m2。胰岛素敏感性的改善虽然是有统计学意义的,但较轻微(平均7%);在CPAP治疗以后,患者仍然有胰岛素抵抗。以数据建模显示CPAP对于超重的或轻度肥胖的PCOS患者更有效。然而,由于样本量很小,模型的稳定性值得商榷。而且,研究认为,OSA是由于PCOS患者胰岛素抵抗,CPAP改善胰岛素抵抗症状。

  总之,2011公开发表的论文将在这一领域有重大影响。目前,有效且可复制的研究认为,基因的变异是PCOS的主要病因。而且,该病生殖和代谢的特点一直持续到生育期结束以后,对女性健康影响较大,是女性主要健康问题。最后,和PCOS相关的胰岛素抵抗继发于OSA,CPAP治疗后可以改善。

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    2012-10-23 gwc392
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    2012-08-26 liye789132251
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1682121, encodeId=4c8e1682121fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4d031e8074' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分泌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31780, encryptionId=d4d031e8074, topicName=分泌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0da227938338, createdName=gwc392, createdTime=Tue Oct 23 20:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1718350, encodeId=6bc21e1835017, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ce04315043' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多囊卵巢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43150, encryptionId=5ce04315043, topicName=多囊卵巢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c91632558486, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Fri Aug 17 14:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1879217, encodeId=a4b318e921725, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Aug 26 08:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380354, encodeId=df83138035461, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 13:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1456714, encodeId=f1bf1456e1406, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dab34315305' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多囊卵巢综合症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43153, encryptionId=dab34315305, topicName=多囊卵巢综合症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b8595798307, createdName=lxg953, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 13:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1682121, encodeId=4c8e1682121fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d4d031e8074' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分泌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31780, encryptionId=d4d031e8074, topicName=分泌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0da227938338, createdName=gwc392, createdTime=Tue Oct 23 20:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-10-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1718350, encodeId=6bc21e1835017, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5ce04315043' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多囊卵巢#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43150, encryptionId=5ce04315043, topicName=多囊卵巢)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c91632558486, createdName=kalseyzl, createdTime=Fri Aug 17 14:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1879217, encodeId=a4b318e921725, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sun Aug 26 08:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-08-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380354, encodeId=df83138035461, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 13:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1456714, encodeId=f1bf1456e1406, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dab34315305' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多囊卵巢综合症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43153, encryptionId=dab34315305, topicName=多囊卵巢综合症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b8595798307, createdName=lxg953, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 13:58:00 CST 2012, time=2012-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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