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Science:单细胞RNA测序揭示等位基因表达的动态随机性 解释同卵双胞胎也不同

2014-01-10 MedSci MedSci原创

这项研究在某种程度上解释了为何同卵双胞胎——几乎完全相同的基因组的产物——彼此之间会在外貌和疾病倾向上显示显著的差异。 日前,来自瑞典路德维格癌症研究所与卡罗琳斯卡学院的研究人员揭示了一种现象,可能会改变人们关于基因组如何表达从而生成及维持哺乳动物生命的一个普遍观点。 这项刊登在《科学》(Science)杂志上的最新研究,帮助解释了为何基因相同的动物有时在生物学和外形上会如此的

Science:单细胞RNA测序揭示等位基因表达的动态随机性

这项研究在某种程度上解释了为何同卵双胞胎——几乎完全相同的基因组的产物——彼此之间会在外貌和疾病倾向上显示显著的差异。

日前,来自瑞典路德维格癌症研究所与卡罗琳斯卡学院的研究人员揭示了一种现象,可能会改变人们关于基因组如何表达从而生成及维持哺乳动物生命的一个普遍观点。

这项刊登在《科学》(Science)杂志上的最新研究,帮助解释了为何基因相同的动物有时在生物学和外形上会如此的不同,以及为何由共同的一组异常基因引起的一些遗传疾病在不同个体身上疾病严重程度显示如此大的差异。

论文主要作者、卡罗琳斯卡学院细胞与分子生物学系教授 Rickard Sandberg 表示:“我们捕获了此前从未描述过的、基因表达水平的固有随机性——其持续存在于整个发育时期并进入到成年期。”采用 Sandberg 实验室开发的一种强有力的新技术分析单细胞中整体的基因表达,从而生成了这一研究发现。

除了性染色体上的一组基因,每个哺乳动物都从它的双亲那里继承了每个基因的两个副本,一个来自母体,一个来自父体。这些成对的基因被称作“等位基 因”(allele),并且等位基因与它们的基因组同胞之间往往存在显著的差异,从而导致了大量的人类和动物多样性。然而,长期以来并不清楚在所有特定的 细胞或生物体中每对等位基因是否均等表达,或是一个等位基因优于另一个。

当前的研究发现,在小鼠基因组编码的所有等位基因中,有 12-24% 的只表达一个等位基因。此外,细胞之间表达等位基因的选择随机变化,在它们的整个生命过程中在两个选项之间频繁地切换。

生物学家通常认为,除了少数的例外——那些性决定基因,所有染色体上的大多数的等位基因都是均等表达。他们也早就知道“印记”基因是一个例外。但这 样的基因只占总数的 1%。Sandberg 表示:“我们发现那些并非是印记基因的基因,大约每5对等位基因中就有一对一次只随机和动态地表达一个等位基因。如果一个等位基因正在表达,而另一个却不 知道。两者之间就会失去协调。”

这在某种程度上解释了为何同卵双胞胎——几乎完全相同的基因组的产物——彼此之间会在外貌和疾病倾向上显示显著的差异。毕竟,生物是由细胞构成,每个细胞都是表达基因的产物。动态和随机的等位基因表达导致了一些性状的差异混杂,甚至是基因完全相同的个体。

这一研究发现对于了解诸如神经纤维瘤等一些遗传性疾病也具有重要的影响。神经纤维瘤是一种以非癌性神经肿瘤全身增殖为特征的疼痛性疾病。共同具有致 病突变的人们受这一疾病影响的程度显示出极大的差异,这是长期以来的一个谜题。等位基因表达的这种固有的随机性有可能帮助导致了这一疾病以及其他疾病的这 些差异。

原始出处:

Qiaolin Deng, Daniel Ramsköld, Björn Reinius, Rickard Sandberg . Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Dynamic, Random Monoallelic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells. Science 10 January 2014; DOI: 10.1126/science.1245316

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    2014-01-12 jichang
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