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免疫检查点PD-L1免疫组化检测方法及结果判定

2022-04-24 网络 网络

TPS主要用于肺癌评估,其他癌种大部分采用CPS评分。

2011年,FDA批准第一个肿瘤免疫检查点抑制剂——ipilimumab(伊匹木单抗)用于治疗黑色素瘤,它是一个CTLA-4阻断抑制剂。至今,越来越多免疫检查点抑制剂被FDA或NMPA获批用于治疗多种癌症,如下图所示:

 

 

因此,了解免疫检查点、免疫检查点抑制剂、检测分子标志物、检测方法和判定标准尤为重要。本期,小编带大家了解免疫检查点PD-L1的检测方法及判定标准。

 

一、免疫检查点之——PD-L1

 

PD-L1(programmed death ligand 1)是程序性死亡受体配体1,是PD-1(programmed cell death 1,程序性死亡受体1)的配体。

癌细胞通过PD-L1抑制T细胞

 

PD-1属于细胞膜上的一个跨膜蛋白,表达在T细胞、B细胞等免疫细胞以及肿瘤细胞上,研究表明当肿瘤细胞膜上的PD-L1与T细胞等免疫细胞上的PD-1结合后,肿瘤细胞发出抑制性信号,进而T细胞不能识别肿瘤细胞和对肿瘤细胞产生杀伤作用,机体的免疫功能受到抑制,肿瘤继续肆意生长和侵袭。

 

PD1的信号通路

 

二、免疫检查点抑制剂

 

免疫检查点抑制剂可以与PD-1或PD-L1结合,阻断肿瘤细胞对免疫功能的控制,保证T细胞等免疫细胞的功能,重拾T细胞对肿瘤的清除作用。因此,如果肿瘤细胞含有大量的PD-L1,肿瘤患者可能会获益于免疫检查点抑制剂的治疗。免疫疗法可增强患者的免疫系统以帮助其识别并抵抗肿瘤细胞,它往往比其他的治疗方法具有更少的副作用。

 

 

三、免疫检查点PD-L1免疫组化检测

 

PD-L1免疫组化检测是预测PD-1或PD-L1疗效的一种简单有效的方法,它是通过检测肿瘤细胞(TC)或免疫细胞(IC)表面的PD-L1表达量,进而推测PD-L1抑制剂疗效的方法。

 

目前,PD-L1常用免疫组化检测抗体主要有五种:22C3、28-8、SP263、SP142和73-10,以及在实验室中常用的E1L3N。

 

四种PD-L1检测抗体

 

不同抗体需要用不同的检测平台检测,主流检测平台为两家公司的4种抗体检测平台,分别为DAKO 22C3和28-8检测的AutoStainer Link 48平台和Ventana SP142和SP263检测的Ventana Benchmark Ultra平台。

 

 

四、免疫组化检测结果判定

 

除了肿瘤细胞(TC)表达PD-L1以外,肿瘤浸润的免疫细胞(IC)也会表达PD-L1,因此在界定PD-L1阳性率的时候是否需要考虑这些免疫细胞的含量,肿瘤细胞(TC)表面的PD-L1和免疫细胞(IC)表面的PD-L1到底哪一个更适合用作预测PDL1抑制剂效果的标准呢?

 

因此,针对PD-L1阳性率判定,不同公司采用不同的方法做检测,每种方法的标准也不尽相同。对于PD-L1检测抗体使用的判定方法有TPS、CPS以及分别计算TC和IC。不同判读方法的主要差异在与是否计算肿瘤区域阳性表达的免疫细胞数量。

 

TPS关注的是肿瘤细胞(TC)表面PD-L1表达情况,CPS是综合膜染色阳性的肿瘤细胞,与肿瘤细胞直接相关的淋巴、巨噬细胞数量,相对于肿瘤细胞(至少100个)的比例分数(CPS是数值,不是%)。

 

1、TPS:肿瘤细胞阳性比例评分(Tumor Proportion Score)

 

TPS=(PD-L1膜染色阳性肿瘤细胞数/总肿瘤细胞数)x100%

 

2、CPS:综合阳性评分(Combined Positive Score)

 

CPS=(PD-L1膜染色阳性肿瘤细胞+ PD-L1 膜染色阳性肿瘤相关免疫细胞(淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞))/总肿瘤细胞数 x100

 

3、TC:肿瘤细胞阳性率

 

TC=(任何强度PD-L1膜染色阳性肿瘤细胞数/总肿瘤细胞数)x100%

 

4、IC:肿瘤相关免疫细胞阳性率

 

IC=(任何强度PD-L1膜染色阳性的肿瘤相关免疫细胞数/总肿瘤相关免疫细胞数)x100%

五、获批免疫检查点抑制剂使用的PD-L1标准
目前,FDA只批准Dako 22C3 pharmDx的PD-L1检测作为帕博利珠单抗的伴随诊断Dako 28-8和 Ventana SP142则分别为纳武利尤单抗和阿替利珠单抗的补充诊断。Ventana SP263 被欧盟认证作为三种免疫抑制剂的补充诊断。

PD-L1 IHC 22C3 PharmDx(DAKO)免疫组化已被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于KEYTRUDA®(pembrolizumab,PD-1抑制剂)治疗非小细胞肺癌等肿瘤的伴随诊断

 

PD-L1 IHC SP263(Ventana)免疫组化已被FDA批准用于以下肿瘤免疫治疗药物的补充诊断

 

 

PD-L1 IHC SP142(Ventana)免疫组化已被FDA批准推荐用于以下肿瘤免疫治疗药物的伴随诊断

 

 

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