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药品命名的一些知识点,做药的都应该知道

2017-03-07 大圣 医药魔方

你是否好奇过药品是如何命名的?每个药品名称是否都有特殊的含义?是谁负责给药品命名的,是药厂、FDA、还是随手往冰箱上粘字母磁铁的孩童?

你是否好奇过药品是如何命名的?每个药品名称是否都有特殊的含义?是谁负责给药品命名的,是药厂、FDA、还是随手往冰箱上粘字母磁铁的孩童?



2017年1月,FDA颁布了最终版的《生物类似物命名指南》。在指南文件里,FDA要求生物类似物在命名时必须使用没有特别含义的4位字母作为后缀,以与原研药区分。

实际上,药品的商品名通常都是没有任何特别含义的。我们可以看一下2016年FDA批准的22个新药的商品名(见:2016年FDA批准的新药),比如治疗特应性皮炎的Eucrisa,预防艰难梭菌感染复发的单抗药物Zinplava,由两种活性成分组成的抗丙肝复方药物Zepatier。

但是也有部分药品的商品名隐藏有特别的含义。例如,用于治疗哮喘的长效支气管扩张剂或白细胞三烯抑制剂的商品名中通常有“air”的元素,比如Advair, Singulair,Cinqair;刚刚批准的用于治疗杜氏肌营养不良新药Exondys 51,表示的是该药针对第51号外显子缺失;还有一种很常见的抗炎止痛OTC药物Aleve(萘普生钠),我们看到其商品名或许就能感受到一丁点儿的疼痛缓解(alleviate)……

与商品名不同,药品的非专有名(nonproprietary names,或Generic drug names)通常是由WHO或美国药物命名委员会(United States Adopted Name Council)编制。美国名称委员会由来自FDA、美国医学会(AMA)、美国药师协会(APhA)以及美国药典的代表组成,会给上市新药分配一个与其商品名完全独立、独一无二的非专有名称。

药品命名是一个非常严谨的工作,医生和药剂师接受的医学或药学教育通常专注于药品的非专有名称,很少考虑厂家的商品名。

对于单抗类生物制品,美国名称委员会通常有一套非常系统的命名规则,以乳腺癌药物Herceptin(曲妥珠单抗)的非专有名“trastuzumab”为例:

-mab,代表这是一种单抗类药物;

-zu-,代表这种单抗是人源化的;

-tu-,代表这是一种针对tumor的药物;

tras-,是一个独一无二的前缀,用于区分曲妥珠单抗和其他-tuzumab;

生物类似物的命名规则

不同厂家生产的布洛芬(ibuprofen)、阿司匹林(aspirin)等小分子药物具有完全相同的结构、分子量,具有相似的疗效。而生物制品的分子量是小分子药物的100~1000倍,加上蛋白折叠带来的空间构象的千差万别,生物类似物无法像化学仿制药那样与原研药物完全一致。不同厂家生产的生物制品即便是同一个名称且疗效相似,但从本质上讲并不是同一种东西。

2015年,FDA批准了首个生物类似物非格司亭,由诺华旗下Sandoz生产,商品名Zarxio。Amgen原研药物的商品名是Neupogen。

为了把自己生产的非格司亭和Amgen的原研产品区分开来,Sandoz在这个药的非专有名称后面加上了后缀-sndz,也就是filgrastim-sndz。在Zarxio上市的时候,FDA尚未明确生物类似物的命名规则,但加上“企业缩写后缀”的方法至少看起来是一种合乎逻辑的做法,能把仿制企业和原研企业生产的药品区分开来。

在今年1月颁布的命名指南中,FDA要求仿制药企业的生物类似物必须在非专有名中添加4个字母组成的后缀,但这4个字母不能带有任何特别的意义,像类似sndz这种厂家名称缩写肯定是行不通的了。FDA在指南中以replicamab-cxnm和replicamab-hjxf进行了举例说明。

生物类似物的后缀应该:

独一无二

不带有任何特别含义

由4个小写字母组成,至少3个字母不能相同

非专有的字母组合

与核心名称用“-”连接

使用时不受法律限制

生物类似物的后缀不应该:

带有歧义或误导性信息,比如传达与药品安全性和疗效相关的错误信息。

使用数字和其他特殊符号

使用临床实践常用的缩写,以免将后缀曲解成其他处方或指令。

包含其他药物名称信息

与已上市药品名称相似,或容易被误认为已上市药品(不得增高临床使用时产生混淆的风险)。

与原研厂家名称类似

与FDA特别指定的其他后缀过于相似

FDA的这个命名规则包含两方面的核心要义:第一,药品的非专有名称应独立于厂家信息;第二,仿制药企业生产的生物类似物与原研产品存在显着差异。

对于FDA的这个命名指南,诺华的新闻发言人Eric Althoff表示:“Sandoz曾向FDA建议在药品名称后面添加后缀并无必要,但FDA出于药品安全警戒的考虑认为这是必须的。

实际上,FDA已经给每个药品都分配了国家药品代码(National Drug Code ,NDC),包含了厂家、剂量、规格等信息。NDC对于FDA追踪特定厂家、特定批次、特定剂型产品的上市后不良反应及安全用药情况至关重要。

在Zarxio之后,FDA又批准了其他的生物类似物上市。比如2016年8月,FDA批准了Sandoz生产的依那西普(etanercept-szzs),商品名为Erlezi,原研药是Amgen的Enbrel(etanercept)。2016年9月,FDA批准了Amgen生产的阿达木单抗(adalimumab-atto),商品名为Amjevita,原研药是AbbVie的Humira(adalimumab)。

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    2020-09-27 ms6000001335953934

    谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-12-12 wincls
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    2017-05-21 jaysppr

    谢谢分享!

    0

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    2017-03-10 jiuling

    学习了谢谢分享

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