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专家告诉你:临床研究中,如何获取知情同意?

2015-06-12 沈阳军区总医院 韩雅玲 中国医学论坛报

结合BRIGHT研究谈知情同意的获取 临床研究中不可略过的细节ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者入组临床试验是否要获得知情同意?HEAT-PPCI研究在患者入组后延迟获取知情同意的做法,自研究公布之初就伴随着关于伦理问题的争论。其支持方提到,STEMI患者病情的紧急、可能的意识障碍造成了知情同意获取的困难。然而,由我国沈阳军区总医院韩雅玲院士牵头、与HEAT-PPCI情况类似的BRIGHT研

结合BRIGHT研究谈知情同意的获取 临床研究中不可略过的细节

ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者入组临床试验是否要获得知情同意?HEAT-PPCI研究在患者入组后延迟获取知情同意的做法,自研究公布之初就伴随着关于伦理问题的争论。其支持方提到,STEMI患者病情的紧急、可能的意识障碍造成了知情同意获取的困难。然而,由我国沈阳军区总医院韩雅玲院士牵头、与HEAT-PPCI情况类似的BRIGHT研究却高效完成了获取知情同意后的患者入组。韩院士对知情同意有着怎样的理解,其研究团队又是如何完成患者的知情同意的?

延迟知情同意有损患者权益和研究可信度

HEAT-PPCI研究文章中提到,对患者在入选研究前已进行口头知情同意的交代,术后再完成书面知情同意签署。研究者强调这种延迟获取知情同意的方式是完全经当地伦理中心同意及批准的,好处是可避免因病情重、老年、女性、社会经济地位等原因导致的选择偏倚。HEAT-PPCI研究中,术后幸存患者中有17例(0.9%)未获得知情同意,相反,死亡患者全部完成了知情同意签署;研究最终将全部死亡患者纳入数据分析,未获得知情同意、不能完成主要终点评定指标者未纳入数据分析。但是,该研究是一项单中心研究,未设立第三方监查和独立的事件评价委员会,无法完全排除入选偏倚,亦难以完全相信试验数据的准确性。

根据我国国家食品药品监督管理总局(CFDA)2003年版《药物临床试验质量管理规范》(GCP)要求,临床试验入选前,“患者及家属签署知情前,声明已阅读有关研究资料,所有疑问都得到满意答复,完全理解有关医学研究的资料及研究可能产生的风险和受益;确认已有充足时间考虑”。

1.HEAT-PPCI研究中延迟签署知情同意的做法违背伦理,实际上侵害了患者的知情权和选择权,对其心理和生理都可能造成伤害,而临床试验首先必须保证受试者权益不受侵害。虽然比伐芦定、肝素、肝素+糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa抑制剂(GPI)都是临床常规治疗方案,但研究者在设计试验时一定是充分考虑到了各种方案的优势和缺点,应允许患者或家属在了解各种方案的风险和获益后,经过充分考量做出自己的选择。

2.HEAT-PPCI研究延迟签署知情同意书的方式,不能排除研究者主观选择入选患者的可能性(对部分患者以最后不同意签署知情同意书为托辞而不纳入试验数据分析),可能会出现医生或申办方主观地排除一些“不利于”试验的病例,造成试验结果的偏倚,影响研究结果的真实性。

3.我国CFDA及各级药监部门不允许常规情况下采取这种延迟签署知情同意的方法,试验应该是从签署知情同意开始,然后才是使用药物或器械操作的试验过程。

立足患者,抓住要点,高效完成知情同意

BRIGHT研究未入选意识障碍的患者,因为临床中绝大多数STEMI患者入院时意识正常,作为治疗STEMI的临床研究,排除意识障碍者不会影响入组速度;况且研究中所用比伐芦定等受试药物主要针对心血管血栓发挥作用,而非治疗意识障碍的药物,应在意识清楚者中进行。BRIGHT研究能顺利签署知情,得益于参研临床医生对患者的细心关怀及对患者和家属心情的充分理解。具体做法如下。

1.从患者利益角度出发,有技巧地耐心讲解研究情况。BRIGHT研究入选的STEMI患者病情急重,患者就诊时焦虑,家属常不知所措,他们渴望得到医生指导和更多照顾。然而,目前我国大医院普遍处于患者多、医生少、医患交流时间短的现况。在患者渴求与医生对话的心态下,医生细心介绍相关信息(包括患者病情,研究背景与研究目的;可替代的治疗;如参加研究需要做什么,包括研究过程,预期参加研究的持续时间,给予的治疗方案,可能被分配到的组别,相关的检查操作,需要受试者配合的事项;根据已有经验和试验结果推测受试者预期可能的受益、风险与不便,以及出现与研究相关损害的医疗与补偿等费用;个人资料保密问题;怎样获得更多信息;自愿参与研究的原则等)之后,绝大多数患者能积极接受试验并签署知情。总之,患者体会到医生设身处地替自己考虑时,绝大多数愿意参与临床研究。

2.研究团队内部应坚持逐级汇报、逐级沟通、现场沟通制度。笔者所在科室规定,必须由主治医师以上的术者亲自与患者及家属谈话并签署研究知情同意书,这样可详细、客观、准确、真实地交代病情,并用患者易懂的医学术语完成谈话,尽快签署知情同意书,这有助于避免因告知不到位引起的医疗纠纷。特别强调,术者与患者或家属谈话时,助手及其他人员应抓紧术前准备,以赢得“黄金”抢救时间。如直系亲属不能马上到达,可通过电话沟通委托旁系亲属或朋友签字。慎重起见,笔者团队尽量邀请全部到场家属谈话以便让其见证。发生需紧急介入手术等治疗而家属拒绝签字的情况时,主管医生及时向上级医师报告,必要时科室副主任、主任亲自参加谈话,向其讲述治疗必要性和重要性,建立起相互信任和融洽的医患关系,最终实现患者积极配合。对4期药物临床研究(如BRIGHT研究),通常会告知患者及家属,试验用药均为国内上市并在临床常用药物,无论其是否参加本研究,医生都有可能使用其中一种或两种,谈话目的只是征得患者同意后按试验要求用药,收集相关数据,但其隐私会得到保护。根据笔者经验,部分中国患者会担忧急诊PCI手术安全性,但对已经市售且治疗中必须使用的药物常无过多疑虑,谈完手术风险后通常很快就同意参加试验,不会影响救治过程。

3.严格遵照随机自愿原则进行试验。在家属知情同意情况下,尽快对患者进行告知,当患者也同意入选研究并签署知情同意书后,方可获得随机号码正式入组;如有任一方存在异议,则不入选。BRIGHT研究中,入选数量多的大中心在征询知情同意过程中患者入组成功率更高,笔者所在中心超过90%,全部82个中心均在80%以上。

4.注重研究负责单位(PI单位)与参研中心间的沟通。BRIGHT研究能在8个多月顺利入选2194例有效病例,与课题组设立24小时电话热线有直接关系,这使得PI单位随时答复所有中心咨询。入选阶段前3~4个月,接到最多的问题是某例患者是否适合入选,PI单位指定的课题组成员在详细询问相关指标后,如认为适合入选,会扼要将取得知情同意的技巧、与患者及家属谈话的要点(比伐芦定作用,国外相关研究结论,患者获益,常见副反应等)向咨询医生介绍,咨询过程常在1~3分钟内完成。因为各中心负责急诊手术谈话的医生经验较丰富,绝大多数情况下能促其成功入选。

遵循规范,莫将个例普适

知情同意指向受试者告知某试验的各方面情况后,受试者自愿确认同意参加该临床试验的过程,须以签名和注明日期的知情同意书作为文件证明。知情同意书是每位受试者表示自愿参加某项试验的文件证明。研究者需向受试者说明试验性质、目的、可能的获益和风险、可选用的其他治疗方法及符合《赫尔辛基宣言》规定的受试者的权利和义务等,使受试者充分了解后表达其同意。

《赫尔辛基宣言》是世界医学会20世纪60年代发布的行业内普遍遵守的道德准则,不具法律效力,各国在执行时需遵守当地法律。2013年10月已更新至第10版,最新版本已允许“延迟知情同意”的做法,但规定只能在某些紧急情况下采用,须同时符合以下条件:①患者不能提供同意意见;②无作为合法代表人的家庭成员可代签;③试验须马上进行。但这种特殊情况须在研究前期试验纲要中就写明,且必须事先获临床试验管理委员会同意。昏迷患者因为不能由自身意志做出是否自愿参加临床研究的判断,可由其合法代表人代签。

我国CFDA也有类似规定,在《药物临床试验质量管理规范》(局令第3条)第3章《受试者权益保障》中第15条规定:“紧急情况下,无法取得本人及其合法代表人的知情同意书,如缺乏已被证实有效的治疗方法,而试验药物有望挽救生命、恢复健康或减轻病痛,可考虑作为受试者,但需在试验方案和有关文件中清楚说明接受这些受试者的方法,并事先取得伦理委员会同意。”特别要强调的是第8条明确规定:“受试者的权益、安全和健康必须高于对科学和社会利益的考虑。伦理委员会和知情同意书是保障受试者权益的主要措施。”

某些研究者为提高入选速度、扩大入选范围、加快科学文章发表,不适当扩大了试验药品或器械适应证,过度使用了上述《赫尔辛基宣言》(2013年版)和我国CFDA《药物临床试验质量管理规范》(局令第3条)对特殊患者知情获取的相关规定,这是无视患者权益的表现,应避免。在我国医患关系紧张的国情下,对常见疾病和病情下进行的临床研究,应尽可能不使用特殊患者中知情获取的特殊规定。仅在极少数患意识障碍性疾病(如脑血管意外导致意识障碍)的患者、合法代表人不能到场、而某种试验性药物有望挽救生命,才宜使用延迟签署知情同意书的特殊规定,在未签署知情情况下先入组进行试验。

为使临床研究实际操作过程更稳健,可事先将知情同意内容简化,抓住谈话要点,与家属中最有决策能力者交代清楚,以节省时间;在做手术准备的同时即可履行知情告知,这种做法可使入组速度和抢救均不受影响。笔者认为,不仅要重视临床研究中的知情签署,临床实践中医生也应将需完成的主要检查和治疗利弊及时向患者或家属交代清楚并履行签字,以保护患者,同时保护自己,共筑和谐医患关系。

(此文经与沈阳军区总医院心血管内科王效增、李毅、王耿、赵昕、徐凯、刘海伟、邓捷、梁振洋、李晶医生讨论后完成,一并致谢)

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    2015-12-21 午夜星河

    学习呢

    0

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    2015-06-25 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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    2015-06-21 caierhong

    加强宣传

    0

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    2015-06-21 caierhong

    保护自己,留下证据

    0

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    2015-06-21 caierhong

    沟通很重要

    0

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    2015-06-21 caierhong

    医患关系要处理好

    0

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  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=46994, encodeId=74134699475, content=学习呢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Mon Dec 21 18:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29406, encodeId=75b32940696, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Thu Jun 25 23:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28622, encodeId=41ee28622c7, content=加强宣传, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=154, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66c61628089, createdName=caierhong, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 21:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28621, encodeId=9204286211d, content=保护自己,留下证据, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=161, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66c61628089, createdName=caierhong, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 21:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28620, encodeId=2ff228620a8, content=沟通很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=132, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66c61628089, createdName=caierhong, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 21:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=28619, encodeId=0b612861932, content=医患关系要处理好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66c61628089, createdName=caierhong, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 21:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1512381, encodeId=5880151238156, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6863e314797' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#知情同意#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73147, encryptionId=6863e314797, topicName=知情同意)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c1a410466491, createdName=1249862am75(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Jun 14 00:17:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27479, encodeId=8c562e479db, content=医生要与时俱进才行, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=db141627504, createdName=chenguoyan, createdTime=Sat Jun 13 03:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27480, encodeId=357e2e4803e, content=保护我们自己, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=153, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=db141627504, createdName=chenguoyan, createdTime=Sat Jun 13 03:32:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=27478, encodeId=c7562e478fe, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=db141627504, createdName=chenguoyan, createdTime=Sat Jun 13 03:31:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-13 chenguoyan

    医生要与时俱进才行

    0

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    2015-06-13 chenguoyan

    保护我们自己

    0

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    2015-06-13 chenguoyan

    ?

    0

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