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儿科常用药物要如何选择?

2016-11-25 天津市中医药研究院附属医院 智慧 医学界儿科频道

抗生素小儿容易患感染性疾病,故常用抗生素等抗感染药物。儿科工作者既要掌握抗生素的药理作用和用药指征,更要重视其毒、副作用的一面。对个体而言,除抗生素本身的毒副作用而外,过量使用抗生素还容易引起肠道菌群失衡,使体内微生态紊乱,引起真菌或耐药菌感染;对群体和社会来讲,广泛、长时间地滥用广谱抗生素,容易产生微生物对药物的耐受性、进而对人们的健康产生极为有害的影响。临床应用某些抗生素时必须注意其毒副作用,

抗生素


小儿容易患感染性疾病,故常用抗生素等抗感染药物。儿科工作者既要掌握抗生素的药理作用和用药指征,更要重视其毒、副作用的一面。对个体而言,除抗生素本身的毒副作用而外,过量使用抗生素还容易引起肠道菌群失衡,使体内微生态紊乱,引起真菌或耐药菌感染;对群体和社会来讲,广泛、长时间地滥用广谱抗生素,容易产生微生物对药物的耐受性、进而对人们的健康产生极为有害的影响。临床应用某些抗生素时必须注意其毒副作用,如肾毒性、对造血功能的抑制作用等。


肾上腺皮质激素 


短疗程常用于过敏性疾病、重症感染性疾病等;长疗程则用于治疗肾病综合征、某些血液病、自身免疫性疾病等。哮喘、某些皮肤病则提倡局部用药。在使用中必须重视其副作用:① 短期大量使用可掩盖病情,故诊断未明确时一般不用;② 较长期使用可抑制骨骼生长,影响水、电解质、蛋白质、脂肪代谢,也可引起血压增高和库欣综合征;③长期使用除以上副作用以外,尚可导致肾上腺皮质萎缩,可降低免疫力使病灶扩散;④ 水痘患儿禁用激素,以防加重病情。


退热药  


一般使用对乙酰氨基酚和布洛芬,剂量不宜过大,可反复使用。


镇静止惊药 


在患儿高热、烦躁不安、剧咳不止等情况下可考虑给予镇静药。发生惊厥时可用苯巴比妥、水合氯醛、地西泮等镇静止惊药。婴儿不宜使用阿司匹林,以免发生Reye综合征。


止泻药与泻药 


对腹泻患儿慎用止泻药,除用口服补液疗法防治脱水和电解质紊乱外,可适当使用保护肠黏膜的药物,或辅以含双歧杆菌或乳酸杆菌的制剂以调节肠道的微生态环境。小儿便秘一般不用泻药,多采用调整饮食和松软大便的通便法。


乳母用药  


阿托品、苯巴比妥、水杨酸盐等药物可经母乳影响哺乳婴儿,应慎用。


新生儿、早产儿用药  


幼小婴儿的肝、肾等代谢功能均不成熟,不少药物易引起毒副反应,如磺胺类药、维生素K3可引起高胆红素血症,氯霉素引起“灰婴综合征”等,故应慎重。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2085382, encodeId=ac072085382d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70f14863158' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48631, encryptionId=70f14863158, topicName=常用药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Tue Aug 15 22:41:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=162242, encodeId=fef6162242d9, content=根棒 学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K0iaeHUsbIzwsociaXY4eY8DryoMrt2gEdB9WBJl32NBRdY2JLRtDPibf3KoIM53fldicMJYbSUWVaXU/0, createdBy=e6fc75818, createdName=maymoon1983, createdTime=Mon Dec 12 21:33:51 CST 2016, time=2016-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158663, encodeId=a3b615866378, content=学习了,好评, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4BGdu4COj6QWFqgMd3xnWDdgLZKUGI32veZvO2qFAQvpYr1eMbUOTqMvlZWc3MsugtFMHzxDwial/0, createdBy=88731939304, createdName=圣艮山, createdTime=Mon Nov 28 09:17:01 CST 2016, time=2016-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1619185, encodeId=f50d161918513, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=049148630cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48630, encryptionId=049148630cb, topicName=常用药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Sun Nov 27 12:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158364, encodeId=e880158364c6, content=儿科不好干, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=418d1603809, createdName=jiuling, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 22:45:27 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158175, encodeId=edff1581e511, content=儿科工作者既要掌握抗生素的药理作用和用药指征,更要重视其毒、副作用的一面。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 00:19:37 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-12 maymoon1983

    根棒 学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2085382, encodeId=ac072085382d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=70f14863158' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48631, encryptionId=70f14863158, topicName=常用药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Tue Aug 15 22:41:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=162242, encodeId=fef6162242d9, content=根棒 学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K0iaeHUsbIzwsociaXY4eY8DryoMrt2gEdB9WBJl32NBRdY2JLRtDPibf3KoIM53fldicMJYbSUWVaXU/0, createdBy=e6fc75818, createdName=maymoon1983, createdTime=Mon Dec 12 21:33:51 CST 2016, time=2016-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158663, encodeId=a3b615866378, content=学习了,好评, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4BGdu4COj6QWFqgMd3xnWDdgLZKUGI32veZvO2qFAQvpYr1eMbUOTqMvlZWc3MsugtFMHzxDwial/0, createdBy=88731939304, createdName=圣艮山, createdTime=Mon Nov 28 09:17:01 CST 2016, time=2016-11-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1619185, encodeId=f50d161918513, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=049148630cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#常用药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48630, encryptionId=049148630cb, topicName=常用药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Sun Nov 27 12:41:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158364, encodeId=e880158364c6, content=儿科不好干, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=418d1603809, createdName=jiuling, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 22:45:27 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=158175, encodeId=edff1581e511, content=儿科工作者既要掌握抗生素的药理作用和用药指征,更要重视其毒、副作用的一面。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 00:19:37 CST 2016, time=2016-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-28 圣艮山

    学习了,好评

    0

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    2016-11-26 jiuling

    儿科不好干

    0

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    2016-11-26 ann y

    儿科工作者既要掌握抗生素的药理作用和用药指征,更要重视其毒、副作用的一面。

    0

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