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糖尿病足创面清创:“去”和“留”的抉择

2016-05-18 姜玉峰 中国医学论坛报

糖尿病足创面有时因感染较重、组织破坏广泛以及伴有肌腱及骨组织的外露,单纯换药难以使创面在短期内愈合。因此,及时有效的清创对促进糖尿病足创面愈合十分必要,手术清创过程中对坏死组织的识别清除,以及对健康组织的保留和保护是决定清创效果的关键因素。

糖尿病足创面有时因感染较重、组织破坏广泛以及伴有肌腱及骨组织的外露,单纯换药难以使创面在短期内愈合。因此,及时有效的清创对促进糖尿病足创面愈合十分必要,手术清创过程中对坏死组织的识别清除,以及对健康组织的保留和保护是决定清创效果的关键因素。


清创的概念:内涵和外延


清创的概念有广义和狭义之分。


狭义的清创术即指传统的清洗、消毒污染创面,清除异物,用手术刀和手术剪切除坏死组织,使之变为清洁的创面,从而有利于创面愈合。


随着湿性愈合理论以及一些选择性、柔性损伤的机械和器械以及生物工程技术的诞生,清创术的概念得到广泛外延。广义上,一切去除细菌性、坏死性、细胞性负荷的方法都具有清创的作用。


手术清创的意义和目的


手术清创是创面愈合的基础,彻底清创是防止创面感染的重要措施。通过合理、有效的清创,可以起到以下几方面作用:


①彻底地清除坏死组织以减少新生组织生长的障碍,为其快速生长留出空间;


②可以减轻在部分严重感染的情况下,组织间炎症水肿的高张力状态;


③通过彻底的清创,可以彻底开放脓腔,有利于脓液及坏死组织充分引流;


④减轻细菌负荷对于有效控制感染至关重要;


⑤减少坏死组织分解及降解过程中毒素吸收,对改善患者机能状态至关重要。


手术清创的时机


任何存在感染、坏死组织的创面都需要进行有效清创。


清创后创面生长的效果与清创的时机、方法及手段密切相关。尽管所有的坏死组织都适合采取外科清创,但是清创术中对于坏死组织的辨识能力、对影响创面愈合因素的辨识和处理能力、对清创后创面生长趋势的预判能力,都将直接影响清创效果,造成清创后结局千差万别。


对于糖尿病合并下肢血管病变形成的足溃疡,溃疡周围会存在组织缺血、缺氧状态,并多数伴有微循环障碍,从而使创面自我修复能力严重降低。手术锐性清创会带来新的创面形成,此过程中因创伤和出血会启动凝血机制,从而使微血管内血栓形成,这往往会进一步加重微循环障碍,引发新的组织坏死。这也是清创术后出现更大范围组织坏死的根本原因。在这种情况下,柔性损伤的清创技术可能是更适合的选择。或者可以在充分改善下肢血供后,并且缺血组织充分度过了再灌注损伤期后,再实施手术清创,以更好地达到预期效果。


手术清创过程中组织的保留和保护


手术清创的根本目的是修复,所以其施行应基于修复目的展开。修复是为了功能、外形的保留和使用,这就必然涉及到切口的设计、组织的爱护和保留、间生态组织的取舍以及残余组织在后期修复过程中是否可被利用(是否可以设计预留皮瓣)等一系列的具体技术问题。


要最大程度地保留功能,就要最大程度地保留和保护组织,因此要求医生在手术清创过程中尽可能避免钳夹、压迫希望留存的组织。


如果手术当时不能很好地辨别组织的远期活性,可经过一定适当时间的等待。图1~4展示了初期清创后,对间生态组织进行了保留和保护,逐步分次清除继续渐进性坏死的组织,等待创面周围组织远期活性稳定进行决定性修复治疗时,利用第1、2趾趾腹残留的健康组织,设计去骨皮瓣修复足背缺损创面的过程。


图1  足背间生态组织


图2  残余组织远期活力测定


图3  趾腹间生态组织


图4  趾腹去骨皮瓣修复足背缺损


总结


选择恰当的清创方法需根据患者全身情况、局部血液供应、影响创面愈合的因素、患者主观意愿、清创方法的优缺点及其作用特点等综合考虑。根据组织活力,分阶段有序地使用联合清创,有利于更好地对健康组织进行保留和保护。


更多糖尿病足的内容请收看梅斯学院相关课程:


缺血性糖尿病足的治疗案例


缺血性糖尿病足的手术治疗


缺血性糖尿病足的诊断方法


缺血性糖尿病足的现状、危害和临床表现


谈糖尿病足

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    2016-09-16 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    不错哦,会学到很多

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=128572, encodeId=8cc61285e258, content=不错哦,会学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 16 11:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1631980, encodeId=78c716319807a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b88a321e6b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#创面#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32176, encryptionId=b88a321e6b2, topicName=创面)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6fda21837820, createdName=qindq, createdTime=Fri May 27 07:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700961, encodeId=c7651e0096134, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bd4266213f6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#清创#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66213, encryptionId=bd4266213f6, topicName=清创)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae5a30305181, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 04:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86544, encodeId=f419865442c, content=的确这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86545, encodeId=44928654529, content=是篇好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86256, encodeId=6bfa862567d, content=学习一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 18 14:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-27 qindq
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=128572, encodeId=8cc61285e258, content=不错哦,会学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 16 11:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1631980, encodeId=78c716319807a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b88a321e6b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#创面#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32176, encryptionId=b88a321e6b2, topicName=创面)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6fda21837820, createdName=qindq, createdTime=Fri May 27 07:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700961, encodeId=c7651e0096134, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bd4266213f6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#清创#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66213, encryptionId=bd4266213f6, topicName=清创)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae5a30305181, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 04:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86544, encodeId=f419865442c, content=的确这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86545, encodeId=44928654529, content=是篇好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86256, encodeId=6bfa862567d, content=学习一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 18 14:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-07-25 lingaifan
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=128572, encodeId=8cc61285e258, content=不错哦,会学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 16 11:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1631980, encodeId=78c716319807a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b88a321e6b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#创面#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32176, encryptionId=b88a321e6b2, topicName=创面)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6fda21837820, createdName=qindq, createdTime=Fri May 27 07:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700961, encodeId=c7651e0096134, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bd4266213f6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#清创#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66213, encryptionId=bd4266213f6, topicName=清创)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae5a30305181, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 04:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86544, encodeId=f419865442c, content=的确这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86545, encodeId=44928654529, content=是篇好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86256, encodeId=6bfa862567d, content=学习一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 18 14:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-19 milkshark

    的确这样

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=128572, encodeId=8cc61285e258, content=不错哦,会学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 16 11:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1631980, encodeId=78c716319807a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b88a321e6b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#创面#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32176, encryptionId=b88a321e6b2, topicName=创面)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6fda21837820, createdName=qindq, createdTime=Fri May 27 07:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700961, encodeId=c7651e0096134, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bd4266213f6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#清创#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66213, encryptionId=bd4266213f6, topicName=清创)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae5a30305181, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 04:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86544, encodeId=f419865442c, content=的确这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86545, encodeId=44928654529, content=是篇好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86256, encodeId=6bfa862567d, content=学习一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 18 14:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-19 milkshark

    是篇好文章

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=128572, encodeId=8cc61285e258, content=不错哦,会学到很多, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Sep 16 11:46:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1631980, encodeId=78c716319807a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b88a321e6b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#创面#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32176, encryptionId=b88a321e6b2, topicName=创面)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6fda21837820, createdName=qindq, createdTime=Fri May 27 07:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1700961, encodeId=c7651e0096134, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bd4266213f6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#清创#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66213, encryptionId=bd4266213f6, topicName=清创)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae5a30305181, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Mon Jul 25 04:12:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86544, encodeId=f419865442c, content=的确这样, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=159, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86545, encodeId=44928654529, content=是篇好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Thu May 19 07:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=86256, encodeId=6bfa862567d, content=学习一下!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=147, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 18 14:58:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-05-18 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习一下!

    0

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